Shakespeares Othello - Loving Desdemona :: Othello essays

Loving Desdemona William Shakespeare, in his tragic drama Othello, creates a most exquisite character in the person of Desdemona. Her many virtues clearly require that she be given detailed consideration by e very(prenominal) Christian member of the audience. David Bevington in William Shakespeare Four Tragedies describes the perspicaciousness of virtue within this tragic heroine We believe her Desdemona when she says that she does not even know what it means to be unfaithful the word whore is not in her vocabulary. She is vulnerable against the charges brought against her because she does not even comprehend them, cannot believe that anyone would imagine such things. Her love, both erotic and chaste, is of that transcendent wholesomeness common to several late Shakespearean heroines . . .. Her preferring Othello to her father, like Cordelias placing her duty to a husband before that to a father, is not ungrateful but natural and proper. (221) Blanche Coles in Shakespeares Fo ur Giants interprets the protagonists very meaningful four-word greeting to Desdemona which he utters upon disembarking in Cyprus Othellos four words, O, my souls joy, tell us that this beautiful Venetian girl has brought great joy, felicity, mirth to the very depths of his soul. This exquisitely beautiful love that has come to a thoughtful, earnest man is indescribably impressive. For him it is heaven on earth. And all the while, almost within girds length, stands Iago, the embodiment of evil, like the serpent in the Garden of Eden. (87) In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemonas father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughters elopement with Othello. In response to Iagos vulgar descriptions of Desdemonas involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed and, with Roderigos help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and b ring her home. The fathers attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be more than worse than before It is too true an evil gone she is And whats to come of my despised time Is nought but bitterness. (1.1) So obviously the senator has great maintain for his daughter, or at least for the comforts which she has afforded him up the beginning of the play.

Educating Tomorrow’s Generation Essay examples -- Philosophy Education

Educating Tomorrows GenerationEducation is defined as the act or process of educating a person. With that in mind, what is the best way to go about providing an education for tomorrows generation? First, the way to educate a person is to teach them. The target of education is to provide students with the knowledge they will need to have a successful future. When it comes to the way to educate kids I agree with John Dewey and Progressivism, which basically says we atomic number 18 suppose to assist with the growth of individuals. Education is one of the most important things for young people growing up, because it is their ticket to a better life.After recitation all the different types of philosophy, I have decided that I agree with progressivism. The man most responsible for progressivism is John Dewey. His main point in first this progressive schools was to offer students with a broaden curricula. This put education more to the needs of the students and made school more enjoyable as well. I call these are two very important points with education. One of my main goals as ...

Laying the Last Minstrel in Jane Eyre :: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essays

Laying the Last Minstrel in Jane Eyre To find wizard work quoted triune times in a novel, as is the case in Jane Eyre with The Lay of the Last Minstrel by Sir Walter Scott, should suggest to a reader that this quoted work layabout serve to fell some light on the work in which it is found. In this case, Charlotte Bront alluded to Scotts work at appropriate moments in the novel, both because of similarities in the plots at those moments, tho also, more importantly, because of the theme of The Lay of the Last Minstrel. The Lay of the Last Minstrel tells the story of two lovers, who despite overwhelming obstructers, end up together. This is possible exclusively after the surcharge which contributes to their separation is vanquished. Use of a story with this theme serves to foreshadow the eventual marriage between Jane and Rochester, but however after their vanity is no longer an obstacle. J. H. Alexanders description of the themes in The Lay of the Last Minstrel in his article O n the communicative and Thematic food grain can easily be applied to a discussion of Jane Eyre. He writes that the overt theme of the Lay is the quelling of barren feel while added to that argon the apocalyptic abolition of all pride in human achievement and the insistance that true love is in its essential nature superhuman (19). The ability to freely love one a nonher is what enables Rochester and Jane to be together at the end, once pride is no longer an issue for either one of them. Bront gives their love a supernatural element in the way that Jane is drawn to Rochester after hearing him call out her name (409 ch. 35). Aside from the legal obstacle to Jane and Rochesters marriage, pride is a major factor in keeping them apart. The first instance where The Lay of the Last Minstrel appears in Jane Eyre is the scene where Jane tells Rochester of the night that someone (she later(prenominal) learns it was Bertha) came to her bedroom and ripped the veil she was supposed to wear at Jane and Rochesters wedding But, sir, as it grew dark, the wind rose it blew yesterday evening not as it blows at once wild and high but with a sullen, moaning sound far more eerie (279 ch. 25). She goes on to explain her uneasiness at his creation away and her impediment in falling asleep that night.Laying the Last Minstrel in Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre EssaysLaying the Last Minstrel in Jane Eyre To find one work quoted multiple times in a novel, as is the case in Jane Eyre with The Lay of the Last Minstrel by Sir Walter Scott, should suggest to a reader that this quoted work can serve to shed some light on the work in which it is found. In this case, Charlotte Bront alluded to Scotts work at appropriate moments in the novel, both because of similarities in the plots at those moments, but also, more importantly, because of the theme of The Lay of the Last Minstrel. The Lay of the Last Minstrel tells the story of two lovers, who despite overwhelming obstacles, e nd up together. This is possible only after the pride which contributes to their separation is vanquished. Use of a story with this theme serves to foreshadow the eventual marriage between Jane and Rochester, but only after their pride is no longer an obstacle. J. H. Alexanders description of the themes in The Lay of the Last Minstrel in his article On the Verbal and Thematic Texture can easily be applied to a discussion of Jane Eyre. He writes that the overt theme of the Lay is the quelling of barren pride while added to that are the apocalyptic abolition of all pride in human achievement and the insistance that true love is in its essential nature supernatural (19). The ability to freely love one another is what enables Rochester and Jane to be together at the end, once pride is no longer an issue for either one of them. Bront gives their love a supernatural element in the way that Jane is drawn to Rochester after hearing him call out her name (409 ch. 35). Aside from the legal ob stacle to Jane and Rochesters marriage, pride is a major factor in keeping them apart. The first instance where The Lay of the Last Minstrel appears in Jane Eyre is the scene where Jane tells Rochester of the night that someone (she later learns it was Bertha) came to her bedroom and ripped the veil she was supposed to wear at Jane and Rochesters wedding But, sir, as it grew dark, the wind rose it blew yesterday evening not as it blows now wild and high but with a sullen, moaning sound far more eerie (279 ch. 25). She goes on to explain her uneasiness at his being away and her difficulty in falling asleep that night.

Listening for Understanding Essay -- Communication

Listening for UnderstandingListening is an important form of communication. Unfortunately, m whatever people who do not know how to listen gestate they can listen well. They often say I have been doing this all of my life of course I can listen. Listening is not inherited, or a personality trait, it is a skill that must be worked on and practiced.Anybody can become a good listener if they are committed to hire how and are willing to work hard. The first mistake that people list to make when listening is to not make any type of comments while listening. They tend to just stand there and listen while the speaker talks. This can become very frustrating for the speaker and the listener. While the speaker may line up like he isnt being listened to, the listener may find some parts of the speakers talk confusing and hard to follow. Without comments, his concerns and confusion are never addressed. The simplest substance to help a speaker along and show that you are listening is with subtle cues such(prenominal) as hum, and uh, huh. While this is not a confused form of listening it shows the speaker that you are compensable attention to them. This is also good to way to show the focus of your attention is on the speaker. These subtle wrong can be increased in effectiveness by adding good posture, proper facial expressions and eye contact to show the speaker that you are paying attention. Not only will this make the speaker more at ease, but it gives you a chance, as a listener, to help clarify the conversation such as You dont say, what? etc. These comments can show the listener not only that you are listening but that you might have questions concerning what is being said. To be a good listener, one must always keep from becoming ... ...listened poorly or misunderstood the speaker than he is given the chance to correct any misunderstandings at that time. One of the most useful times to use paraphrasing is when somebody is complaining to you. Y ou always feel better when you feel like you have been truly listened too. It has the effect of calming you down and makes you feel much more important. Even if you are unable to fix the problem completely you feel like someone has tried to help you.BibliographyWorks CitedAdler Ronald B. and Elmhorst, Jeanne Marquardt Communicating at work McGraw- Hill, Companies, Inc, 1999Anastasi, Thomas E. Listen Techniques for improving communication skills CBI Publishing Company, Inc, 1982Bone Diane The business of Listening nipping Publications, Inc, Los Altos California, 1988

Lust, Violence, and Death in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Lust, Violence, and Death in Paradise Lost Images and allusions to sex and death are intermingled throughout flush toilet Miltons Paradise Lost. The character of demon serves as not only an embodiment of death and sin, but also insatiated sexual lust. The combination of sex and lust has profound philosophical implications, especially in relation to themes of creation, destruction, and the nature of existence. Milton, in Paradise Lost, establishes that with sex, as with religion, he is of no particular hierarchical establishment. However, Milton does not want to be confused with the stereotypical puritan. Milton the poet, seems to celebrate the ideal of sex yet, he deplores concupiscence and warns against the evils of lust, insisting lust leads to sin, violence and death. There is no reason to apply new(a) theories to Milton if we do not care whether Milton remains alive. However, if we wish him to be more than a historical artifact, we must do more than just study him against t he orbit of his time. We must reinterpret him in light of the germane thought of our own age.-James Driscoll Images and allusions to sex and death are intermingled throughout John Miltons Paradise Lost. The character of Satan serves as not only an embodiment of death and sin, but also insatiated sexual lust. The combination of sex and lust has significant philosophical implications, especially in relation to themes of creation, destruction, and the nature of existence. Milton, in Paradise Lost, establishes that with sex, as with religion, he is of no particular hierarchical establishment. However, Milton does not want to be confused with the stereotypical puritan. Milton the poet, seems to celebrate the ideal of sex yet, he deplores concupiscence and warns against the evils of lust, insisting lust leads to sin, violence and death. From the beginning, Satan, like fallen humanity, not only blames others but also makes comic and highfaluting reasons for his evil behavior. Yet, despit e his reasoning to seek revenge against God, his true motivation for escaping from hell and perverting paradise is, at least partly, something more basic Satan ineluctably sex (Daniel 26). In the opening books of the poem, Satan is cast into a fiery hell that is not only is miserable, but devoid of sex. As Satan describes when he has escaped to Eden, in hell neigh joy nor love, but fierce desire, / Among our other torments not the least, / Still unfulfilled with pain of longing pine (Book IV, 509-11).

Lust, Violence, and Death in John Miltons Paradise Lost :: Milton Paradise Lost Essays

Lust, Violence, and Death in Paradise Lost Images and allusions to turn on and demise are intermingled throughout John Miltons Paradise Lost. The character of Satan serves as not only an embodiment of death and sin, but also insatiated sexual lust. The combination of sex and lust has significant philosophical implications, especially in relation to themes of creation, destruction, and the disposition of existence. Milton, in Paradise Lost, establishes that with sex, as with religion, he is of no particular hierarchical establishment. However, Milton does not want to be confused with the stereotypical puritan. Milton the poet, seems to celebrate the ideal of sex yet, he deplores concupiscence and warns against the evils of lust, insistence lust leads to sin, violence and death. There is no reason to apply modern theories to Milton if we do not care whether Milton remains alive. However, if we regard him to be more than a historical artifact, we must do more than just study him a gainst the background of his time. We must reinterpret him in light of the germane(predicate) thought of our own age.-James Driscoll Images and allusions to sex and death are intermingled throughout John Miltons Paradise Lost. The character of Satan serves as not only an embodiment of death and sin, but also insatiated sexual lust. The combination of sex and lust has significant philosophical implications, especially in relation to themes of creation, destruction, and the nature of existence. Milton, in Paradise Lost, establishes that with sex, as with religion, he is of no particular hierarchical establishment. However, Milton does not want to be confused with the stereotypical puritan. Milton the poet, seems to celebrate the ideal of sex yet, he deplores concupiscence and warns against the evils of lust, insisting lust leads to sin, violence and death. From the beginning, Satan, like fallen humanity, not only blames others but also makes comic and grandiose reasons for his evil be havior. Yet, despite his reasoning to seek strike back against God, his true motivation for escaping from hell and perverting paradise is, at least partly, something more basic Satan needs sex (Daniel 26). In the opening books of the poem, Satan is imbibe into a fiery hell that is not only is miserable, but devoid of sex. As Satan describes when he has escaped to Eden, in hell neigh joyousness nor love, but fierce desire, / Among our other torments not the least, / Still unfulfilled with pain of longing pine (Book IV, 509-11).

Human Rights and Police Brutality

Human Rights and law of nature Brutality BY gajartjarj5653 Police brutality is the use of any force exceeding that reasonably necessary to accomplish a lawful police purpose. Composition 1 listative Research Essay Final Draft. Police Brutality Police work is dangerous. Sometimes police endow in situations that excessive force is needed. But, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not, police brutality occurs.I believe Popremium 1383 Words 6 Pages Police Brutality Analyzing an Argument This argument is directed to two different types of people he police and the public. This addresses two different types of an audience. It addresses a hostile audience and it addresses a sympathetic audience. You batch who the audience is because the author tells you in the Premium 528 Words 3 Pages Police Brutality Report Proposal for Police Brutality Introductory Statement Police brutality is one of the biggest human rights violations in the United States.Sometim es police are put into situations that excessive force is necessary but, because some officers use these extreme measures in situations when it is not ompletely necessary, police brutality spremium 631 Words 3 Pages Argumentative Essay debate Capital Punishment English Composition ENIOI S-6LC October 12, 2011 Argumentative Essay Opposing Capital Punishment According to the Death Penalty Information Center, a brief overview of capital punishment throughout history would go like this back end in the eighteenth century B.C. death penalty laws were firstPremium 2343 Words 10 Pages The Function of an Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay The function of an argumentative try out is to show that your ssertion (opinion, theory, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others. The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire.

Language Development multi-disciplinary

Language culture is a multi-disciplinary firmament containing inputs from psychology, academics, behavioral science, neurology and speech development. Its marked by the culmination of a series of plowes, which dismay early in human life where an infant goes through imbibing primary linguistic process skills from the milieu surrounding him, starts remembering voice communication and phrases without the need for disposition their meaning, slowly build connections and visual imagery to understand patterns in language, and finally, as the child grows aged, new meanings and new associations are created and his vocabulary increases as more members are learned.Language development as a term, should not be confused with language acquisition of which it is only a subset. The latter also deals with second language learning cleverness. Linguists and seekers like Noam Chomsky, Elizabeth Bates and Catherine Snow have developed hypotheses, that recognize and measure the specific learnin g results from general cognitive abilities and the interactions between learners, and their surrounding language purlieus.Language development contains several discussion points. In this paper, we shall look into the following points, found on past research done in relevant area. The main objective of our research is to infer the importance of each and every building block, in facilitating the language learning ability of children. Understanding these concepts have special significance to the case studies of dyslexics (slow learners), auditive and visually challenged kids, children with a stammering problem and kids of immigrant parents for whom English is not a spoken language at home. The articles selected for this purpose have one theme in customary they offer tips and suggestions, and also the roadmap for applications within a children learning environment.Transduction Having worked in the field of cognitive development among children, Jean Piaget, a famous Swiss development psychologist, has describe transduction as the first logic of reference in the primary form of reasoning used by children during the preoperational stages of development (2-7 years). The logic here is if A causes B today, then A al counselings causes B.The basic definition of transduction is reasoning without the reversible nestings of a hierarchy of classes and relations (Mathcs.edu, p.12). Accordingly, the first verbal reasoning is identified as practical and somewhat, based on perception or imagination. It is one step advancement of something known as preconcepts, identified by early language specialists wherein a child merely learns to associate certain semi-concepts which fit into the notion of what the child observes from surroundings (p.10). An example might be, Is worm an animal? It basically means that at the preconceptual level, the child identifies words with shapes and patterns (p.11), rather than actual denominators of valid reasoning.In contrast, Piaget identified tran sduction as an advanced stage of cognitive learning, because the childs thinking pattern carries less(prenominal) of an egocentric point-of-view, and it is more oriented toward finding the meaning to a desired end (p.12). However, even at this stage, the child doesnt think of representation based on logic at most successions, and can distort reality to suit his own perception about the world (p.12). Transduction, has been identified as the uncovering of lying, and also the dawn of reasoning (p.12). The essential prerequisites of a study on transduction in language development for children, would consist of in the preconceptual stage 1)a symbolical thought, 2)representations derived from motivation, individual perception, daydreaming, and logical reasoning. In the transduction stage, it matures into a vivid construction of the image, and this constitutes the childs first grasp with reasoning, and intellect (p.12).Concept formation There is a constrictive relationship between langu age and concept forming ability (Xu, p.2). Fei Xu, at the University of British Columbia contends in her research on cross-linguistic behavior patterns, that concept forming abilities recoil certain correlations between aspects of language, and the guiding blocks of reasoning that present a state-of-the-fact reality for the child, slowly whetting his appetite for gaining knowledge on words, based on situations (p.3).The first lark about of this concept forming ability starting with infants began, in count nouns and categorization. Quoting from relevant research, Xu points out that children first learn to differentiate between countable and uncountable nouns, as the object is displayed forward them. A familiarization tone might be a rabbit, a pig, and also wheat, sugar (p.5). There is a natural tilt to learn novel nouns (p.6), which are basically words, that are amusing and pleasant to hear. Studies have shown kids can be unusually brilliant in their intuitive ability to grasp ne w words, to attach their meaning with words they already know. E.g. engineer, medicine and President (p.7).Once the foundation for nouns are clear, Xu offers examples in which children learned differences between adjectives and nouns, which start out immediately after learning nouns. E.g. good boy, red apple (p.7). For infants, conceptual ability at an early stage is not a complete process by itself, as they lack understanding of other signposts of intelligence (p.11). In an experiment suggested in the article, small children faced trouble in counting objects of same shape. To them, articles of different shapes and sizes offers more intrigue and curiosity into counting. Also, many couldnt tell if a toy train moving in a circular road was indeed one train (p.12). However, the start of concept-forming ability is the dawn of wisdom for infants.Imagery Imagery refers to any word that creates a picture in the head of children. For older kids (3-4 years and above), imagery using simile s, metaphors, personifications (mainly) and other audio-visual tools are a crucial ingredient in learning language (Savich, 1984). Not only do these methods hurry an increase in handy vocabulary, but they also develop spatial learning abilities in children. Imagery is recommended for older children, because by then their brain cells in the cerebral hemi orbital cavity, are divided enough to allow such functions (Savich, 1984).Some of the methods used are the Big, Black barn, Snow White with pink feathers and velvet detention. For children, the intuitive ability to render strong associations with these image vocabulary, is so powerful that many of them are able to visualize elements that many adults might ignore e.g. the differences in colors in mosaic tiles any object (and that includes human beings) readily start getting associated with the childs cultivated imagination. Also, unlike the early concept-forming stage, this time children have lesser tendency to face problems in ident ifying different words and expressions for similar shapes.Patricia Savich, at the University of Los Angeles, in her research on language-disabled children, has contended that they are facing problems in retaining a strong anticipatory imagery ability (Savich, 1984), compared to other children. In an experiment described, she assigned five spatial tasks to two groups of children based on age, sex, ingrained language and assground. In all assignments specified, language-disabled children lagged behind their counterparts in identifying words, from the assortment of visual imagery at their disposition (Savich, 1984).Memory Memory has several study areas in the field of language development recall memory, visual recognition memory (VRM), social communication, and the emergence of language skills. According to Heimann et al (2006), recall memory involves the technique called deferred false or DI as the most scientific method of enabling words, to stick in the memory of children. A lot of research in this field, has successfully open the cosmopolitan reach of the method to enable children to learn new words, sentence structures and also intonations of language. DI basically involves showing a picture to the child, make him repeat the word after the instructor, pursue a delay for 10 to 24 minutes, and come back with the picture again, to retain the word in the childs sphere of imagination, permanently. There is plenty of flexibility, in how and why DI must be conditioned, for specific child-learning initiatives.VRM is applied to children, 3 years and above, and deals with providing close attention for familiar pools of information. VRM is a close indicator of receptive language skills, and along with imagery, helps the child associate connections between different visual stimulus to form an idea of the world where hes living in. Social communications consist of two aspects 1)Joint Attention (JA) where the child learns words by studying the gaze patterns of other c hildren in the creche or play group, and 2)Turn-taking skills (TT), which is the beginning of the first steady conversation between the child and the instructor/parent. The parent familiarizes the child with a situation, and it is his responsibility to come back with an answer. Heimann et al (2006), have contended that the onset of a steady conversation, even though in incorrect grammar, is the fist milestone for childrens language development program.Environmental ascertain Finally, apart from the four techniques discussed in our framework, the most pivotal influence kids could derive for learning language programs, lies in the influence laid out by the environment in which they live. According to a cognitive behavior study, by Janellen Huttenlocher, a William S Gray Professor in psychology at the University of Chicago, the language environment in which children live, influences considerably their command over individual differences in syntax acquisition (Harms, 2002). There are dramatic differences between 3- and 4- year olds speech and comprehension, depending upon the way teachers and parents spoke to them.The study was based on 305 children across 40 classrooms in 17 preschool areas comprising people of all income-levels. Sentences used for testing were very descriptive, livid and tried and true all aspects of grammar retention ability the boy is looking for the girl behind a chair, but she is sitting under the table, and the baby is holding the tremendous block and a small ball. Naturally, in classrooms that were extremely exposed to complicated sentences, children were more easily capable of using the correct syntax in language tests, compared to under-privileged downtown Chicago neighborhood schools, that are often under-staffed and children come from some(prenominal) less-privileged backgrounds. Even for lower-income background children, those who came to classrooms with qualified language instructors, the curiosity to learn the becoming syntax of conversations, was much higher (Harms, 2002).According to Huttenlocher, the foundations of speech due to environment in childhood sticks for life. Children who grow up listening to full sentence syntaxes, are much more likely to use them comfortably when they grow up, compared to many American adults who really enjoy skipping words and have limited vocabulary for use, even though they might know the meaning of several words (Harms, 2002).SourcesHarms, W. (Nov 21, 2002). Researchers discover environment influences childrens ability toform, comprehend complex sentences. The University of Chicago Chronicle. Vol.22,No.5Heimann, M., Strid, K., Smith, L., Tjus, T., Ulvund, S.E., Meltzoff, A.N. (Aug 1, 2006).Exploring the relation between memory, sign-language(prenominal) communication and the emergence oflanguage in Infancy a longitudinal study. Public Medical Central. 15(3) 233-249.Mathcs.edu. (Date unknown). Cognitive precursors to language. Accessed www.mathcs.duq.edu/packer/Course s/Psy598/Precursors,%20Cognitive.pdf Dec 16, 2006Savich, P.A. (December 1984). Anticipatory imagery ability in shape and Language-disabledchildren. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. Vol. 27 494-501.Xu, F. (in press). Concept formation and language development count nouns and object kinds.University of British Columbia, Oxford handbook of psycholinguists. Oxford UniversityPress (OUP). 2-12.

Problems Faced by International Students

International students are the ones that are coming to study in a foreign rude or foreign educational institutions. Andrade Snow defined the term international student applying to the UK as individual enrolled in institutions of higher education who are on temporary student visa and are non-native English speakers. However, Bamford gives a definition which differs a little bit The term international students is taken here to signify those students who have been educated in a national education system outside the UK and who on the whole are likely to be non-native speakers of English, although this is not needfully the case. (Bamford, 2008, p59) In the last mentioned definition there has a little difference from the first one. It mentions an insignificant, on the face of it, feature mother tongue heretofore though it is one of the toughest challenges whatsoeverone going oversea might possibly face language barrier. Over the past several years, the number of student going to stu dy abroad has been gradually increasing. fall in nation became one of the some popular destinations of international students to head to.According to statistics provided by Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) and later utilise by Angela Harrison for an article in BBC news, their quantity increased by 32% from 2005 to 2010 and 1. 64% from 428225 in 2010/2011 to 435235 in 2011/2012. New coming international students in the United Kingdom are or so likely to pass it challenging to adapt to newly arising problems such as homesickness, language problems and adapt to new surroundings, academic market-gardening and lifestyle.The very first thing every student notices when coming to study abroad except for the contrary language, if this is the case, is the difference in culture and the way of living. For the most pack arriving in the UK the greatest shock is the right hand side driving. However, those are not the most burning(prenominal) difference for the ones pursuit for education in Great Britain. Academic culture in the UK does not generally match the one of their motherlands.The main emphasis here is retrace on self-work and trying to understand the material rather then doing main aspects during lessons or lectures and a student being given all the information indispensable and just being asked to memorise it and be able to answer the questions correctly. therefore we can come to the conclusion that there is a different system of accomplishment in here to which foreign students have already got drilld to. One of the key aspects is the interaction between a teacher and a student. In most countries teachers give all the information needed to the student and then gives out assignments to be completed.In the UK, however, it is all up to a student. Teachers are there yet to guide students rather than do all the work for them. One can always rely on the tutor to ask for any questions a correct might have and advice what literature they should r ead in target to succeed instead of giving a fixed list of books to read and set of questions to answer. The latter one is commonly used in such educational systems as the ones of ex-USSR countries alongside with instructing things by rote. It might be quietly hard for the freshers to get used to the whole new style of learning material.Some of the students might even try to get stand to the skills and schemes they acquired back at their home countries in order to cope and keep up with the current work but generally the experience of students shows that it is worth trying to get along with the new ones they are given. Mainly because new skills they are being taught are adjusted especially for the set outicular learning schematics used in the United Kingdom. There is no doubt that approaches towards learning vary from country to country.The only obvious solution is for an educate to get along with his or her situation and try to make best of the hits he gets from the tutor witho ut bearing against them and carrying on with what is already familiar. To accommodate students learning styles, teachers need to apply new management techniques for the classroom which they can learn in Diploma in Holistic Education Programme. This is a piece of advice, given by Prashing Style Solutions, in order to make it easier for students to adapt with any different learning styles to the ones they are already used to it.One of another probable complications to arise is the problem of homesickness. Leaving family, friends, and a home culture in pursuit of an academic opportunity abroad, international students frequently find themselves simultaneously grieving for missed individuals and places, building new kind networks, and adjusting to new cultural and environmental demands (Chen, 1999 Mori, 2000 Sandhu & Asrabadi, 1994). And according to a research conducted at Warwick University, up to 70% of students will experience homesickness in their early days at university.It is a normal part of the experience of leaving home. However, even mild homesickness deserves careful attention. It is a reminder of our need to respect our physical and emotional needs at a term of stress. Yet, for some people the results of homesickness are quite disabling, and need additional support from parents, friends or professionals. For someone this might be the first experience of being abroad alone without family and friends. This might be a critical strike for someone as this leads to a fall in academic life as well.Homesickness is cognize to bring about such problems as emotional bursts, loss of concentration and will strength to do anything, reticence, problems with sleeping and nutrition, sadness and in some cases even mental disorder. Such feelings as loneliness, depression and the illusion of being pressurised by peers also derive from homesickness. This instability makes people an easy target for bullies and offensive jokes. all the surroundings and even the enviro nment around might seem to be hostile.Everything to what a person has got used to is gone in a matter of a second. We can tell that homesickness occurs when a person leaves a supporting social life back home, and at a sudden finds him/herself all alone in a new environment missing that support as well as he/she is away from it, which makes it hard to decide to just step back into it (Beck, 2002). A solution to this problem might be trying to find new friend in order to have someone to whom a person can always talk to.Generally, people are trying to find some of their co-nationals and stick to them as it makes their stay easier and more pleasant even though it has an influence on their productivity (Tompson and Tompsons 1996). This is not the only reasonable category of choosing new friends. It is a good idea to join some social clubs and find people who have the same interests and passion so that you have some common ground lest not to feel lonely, gain confidence and change magnit ude the amount of tress and psychological problems. And what is more, all the modern technology available at our hands makes it much easier to communicate with friends and relatives left overseas. Last but not least, nearly in all the cases there is a problem of a language problem. There is no doubt that language is one of the most important problems, as most of the students come from non English speaking countries. As a consequence, there are difficulties at expressing oneself and understanding others present.Struggling with language usually convey an increased amount of time spent on accomplishing. Moreover it makes it harder to integrate into the society. Even the University of Leeds Language Centres research states that international students enter the University with different levels of proficiency in English and varying degrees of familiarity with British academic and social conventions, which makes the odds of getting on with others uneven. Trying not to be shy and communi cation may be a way out. Getting into conversations and practising helps out.Even though it will probably be scary at the beginning, practise makes things perfect. It is also highly advised by psychologist to face ones fears in order to overcome them. Other than that it also may be useful to make use of such tools as cinemas and television. Media is not only a mean of entertainment but also a tool to be used in order to enhance the level of language possessed. Academic journals and books can come in handy to enrich ones lexicon with academic and specific vocabulary, which is generally a necessity for succeeding in studies.In the conclusion, it is not a point of argument that most of the students coming from abroad to study in the United Kingdom are going to experience anticipated problems, which, however, can be easily avoided by taking counter measures. It is always good to remember why you chose this course of study for yourself and made a first step by moving to a different cou ntry. If it still is a hot issue for you and you cant find a solution on your own, the rational answer will be to find someone who has already fought down same problems or to speak to people assign to specifically help people with those matters.

Organizing and Controlling are Related Essay

Functions of management consist of organizing, planning, rigling, staffing, delegation and preeminent. (Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). These functions work in concert simultaneously as peerless crumb advert in the functioning of the other thence every last(predicate) managerial functions ar important for the function. By this the opinion is that the function of organizing and have gotling are related. These functions are implemented in the same direction. In order to try out the relation between organizing and controlling, it is important to ascertain into the functions of both of them.Organizing function comes into play when people work together in groups to achieve goals. They must curb roles that they play. These roles are developed by people, are defined and body structured by the face to suffer sure what is contri provideded is a group endeavor. What workers do has a definite purpose and they sleep with how their job objective fits into group effort hence the brass section gives their authority, tools, information to accomplish the task. Organizing is that pop out of managing that involves establishing a structure of roles for people to fill in an governance.The purpose of an brass instrument structure is to help in creating an environment for human writ of execution. (Gareth, 2003). A structure ordain define the tasks to be done, the role established looking at abilities and motivation of the people avail up to(p). The organization structure make it easy for managers to organize workers activities hence it provide be easy to control them as each(prenominal) one know the role they should play, which makes supervision of work less, which saves time as intumesce as resources of the organization.By organizing, the organizations must identity and clarify required activities, group activities necessary to attain objective, assign each group to a manager with authority necessary to carry off it and provision for coordination on the same lev el and among departments in the organization structure, which make controlling of activities manageable. Organization structure should clearly state who is to do what tasks and who is responsible for what results to croak difficulties while exercising control function because difficulties tin be caused by confusions and uncertainty of assignment.The structure must study objectives and plans because activities come from them. It must also reflect the authority available to an enterprise management. It must be designed to work to permit contributions by members of a group and to economic aid people gain objectives in effect in the future, which is changing. An organization is staffed with people, the groupings of activities and the authority relationships of an organization structure must take into account peoples limitations and customs to be able to control their roles so as to know if the organization goals are universe achieved.The organization lick consists of establishing enterprise objectives, formulating supporting objectives, policies and plans, which are of planning. Also identifying and classifying the activities necessary to accomplish these, grouping activities in the light of the human and material resources available and the topper way, under the circumstances, of using them, delegating to the head of each group the authority necessary to perform the activities and tie the groups together horizontally and vertically through authority relationships and information flows. Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). The span of management is influenced in two ways, narrow span where a great push-down list of time is spent with subordinates, which is related to little training, inadequate authority delegation, unclear plan of non-repetitive operations, fast changes in external and internal environment, complex task, use of miserable communication techniques, ineffective meeting. (B wish & Porter, 2000).The wide span is where little time is spent with subordina tes and is related to thorough subordinate training, clear delegation to undertake thoroughly-defined tasks, well defined plans for repetitive operations and slow changes in external and internal environment, simple task and effective meetings. If the organization wants to use the controlling function effectively, it put in the lead use the wide span management. Delegation of authority, if it is poor, it will affect the span of management due to unclear authority hence organizing can be difficult, which can make the controlling function difficult as they function simultaneously.If a manager delegates authority clearly for a task to be undertaken, a well trained subordinate can get it done with the manager little supervision, but if the task is non clearly defined, then the subordinate does not have the authority to undertake it, which can lead to the staff not doing it and hence the manager spending a lot of time supervising it. Staffing is done by identifying workforce require ments, getting the required people who are available and recruiting them, selecting, placing, appraising, compensation, planning the careers and training. (Preble, 1992).If staffing is done effectively, the candidates will be developed as the current jobholders to be able to accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently. If the candidates are given the right roles hence it will be through controlling that managers compare actual performance against goals, identify whatsoever(prenominal) significant deviations and take necessary corrective action. Leading assists in influencing people so that they contribute to organization and group goals. Managers can say that their problems arise from people, their desire, attitude, and behavior. (Robbins & Coulter, 2002).Since leading implies followers hip and people tend to follow those who offer a mean of satisfying their own needs, wishes and desires. Leading involves motivation, leadership styles and communication. With no effective l eading in an organization it can be very difficult to organize the employees and this will affect the controlling function as reports, statement produced to access control might have mistakes. Planning involves selecting mission and objectives and the actions to achieve them.It requires decision-making that is, choosing future causes of action from among alternatives. Jones & George, 2003). Plans range from plans of overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed action to be taken. Before a decision is made, only what exists is a plan study or a proposal not a real plan. compulsive activity relate to the criterion of achievement. Some mean of controlling like the budget, inspection records, each gradation and show whether plans are working out making organizing easy. Compelling events to confirm to plans instrument locating the persons who are responsible for results to differ from planned action and taking necessary step to improve performance.These results are controlled by what people do. Control is where performance is measured and corrective action is taken to ensure the accomplishment of organization goals. Control also coordinates various activities, decision-making related to planning and organizing activities and information from directing and evaluating each workers performance. Control is concerned with records, reports, organizational progress toward aims as well as effective use of resources. Control uses evaluation and regulation. These reports are what assist in assigning roles to employees. Control uses evaluation and regulation.It can be separated into mechanical and sociological elements. There are three stages of control. The mechanical elements are predetermined definition of standards for a level of performance measurement of current performance against the standards and corrective action when indicated is the sociological element. If an organization uses the three stages of control, it will have a flexible organization structu re. The best approach of control will contain time, a high degree of mutual support, open and authentic communication, clear sense of objective, utilization of resources and a supportive environment.These approaches will lead to conflict resolution, charged beliefs and attitudes, genuine innovation, commitment, strong management and prevention of consequence of control, which were unintended. A good control system has the following characteristics it must reflect the nature of the activity, should report errors promptly, should be forward looking, it should point out exceptions at critical points, should be objective, flexible, reflect the organization pattern, economical, understanding and should indicate corrective action.With these conditions adhered to, it will be fast to organize people in the organization so as to meet the organization goals. Controlling mechanisms include procedures, evaluating devices, reports, inspection, audits, which all require planning and organizing h ence the function must be performed simultaneously. For controlling to occur, there must be directing. All functions of management go together as if one of the functions lacks or does not follow the proper channel then the organization goals can fail to be achieved.Control can be used as a management tool to measure the degree to which predetermined goals are achieved and of applying necessary corrective actions to improve performance, policies, and procedure as standards. Among the controls are rules that are demand to let employees know what is expected of them and how functions are coordinated. Self-control includes being up to date in knowledge, giving clear orders, being flexible, helping others improve increasing problem solving skill, being able to handle pressure and planning ahead.Delegation is often viewed as a major means of influence and therefore, it can be grouped as an activity in leading rather than controlling. Delegation include assigning responsibility to an emp loyee to stop a task granting the employee sufficient authority to gain the resource to do the task and letting the employee decide how that task will be carried out. This will make the organization decide which goals to pursue and course of action to adopt so as to attain the organization goals and how to allocate organization resources to attain those goals.Once the organization has established goals and associated strategies, funds are set digression for the resources and labor to the accomplishment of goals and tasks. As the money is spent, how it was spent and what it obtained. Review of financial statements is one of the more super acid methods to monitor the progress of programs and plans. In the organizing process, the key issue in accomplishing the goals identified in the planning process is structuring the work of the organization.The purpose of the organizing function is to make the best use of the organizations resources to achieve organizational goals. Organizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are grouped and coordinated. The organizing function deals with all those activities that result in the formal assignment of tasks and authority and a coordination of effort. The executive program staffs the work social units, trains employees, secures resources and empowers the work group into a productive team. The first step in the organizing process is departmentalization.Once jobs have been classified through work specialization, they are grouped into manageable units and can be controlled. An organization chart displays the organization structure and shows job titles, lines of authority and relationships between departments. The nature and scope of the work needed to accomplish the organization goals needed to determine work classification and work unit design, so as to have control. Work process requirements and employee skill level determine the degree of specialization. Placing capable people in each job ties instanter with productivity improvement.In order to maximize productivity, the organization must have the required resources and be able to control its expenditure by auditing its reports. Supervisors must refer employee skill levels with task requirement to achieve organization goals. Teamwork is achievable if people can work together cooperatively and effective if they know the part they are to play in the team activity and the way their roles relate to each other hence making the control function attainable. By designing and main(prenominal)taining these systems of roles is organizing. Koontz, 1958). The effort spent on improving predictions and forecasts are spent on increasing control, learning not only will the need for predicting and forecast be reduced, but managers ability to get what they want to increase. By organizing managers can design and create an organization structure, which is flexible to enable the function of control to be handled properly. Control aspe cts are emphasized on the basis of observation of the control process in terms of feedback or adaptive control. (Hitt & Mathis, 1986).Feedback is always introduced as one of the controlling functions, hence managers encourage that the feedback system be used a lot in the organization so as to know which organization goals have been achieved. Feedback is a example of control that takes place after a work activity is done. Managers can implement controls before an activity begins and after the activity has been completed. In order to measure whether plans of the organizations are being followed it is necessary for managers to compare planned performance with actual performance. (Ishikawa & Smith, 1972).Feedback can be used to give information in this area, as it is the forward and backward flow of information hence the supervisor will be able to know how the performance of a certain employee is. This will enable the supervisor check on the targets he sets for the employees if they ha ve all been achieved or if they have been partly achieved and see the gap created. (Dixon, 2003). The actual performance and the planned performance show the gap. This will make it easy for the organization to determine which employees require training so as to get more skills and by this the organization will reach the gap.Plans cannot be effective unless managers monitor how well planned actions are matching actual achievements as implementation processes. Therefore, plans should not be just laid aside while being on the process or even after being decided on. Managers are responsible not only for making plans for the organizational goal but also for watching the plans to the end. Hence, to make sure that plans are organized the control function has to be effective to make sure that organization goals are achieved.If managers do not control, they would have no way of knowing whether their goals and plans were on target and what future actions to take. The plan can be meaningless if it did not help to accomplish the organizational goals. This can be avoided by controlling because the manager organizes and compares the actual performance against the goals, identify any significant deviations and take any necessary corrective action. Controlling provides the answers to whether or not the current performance of the organization should be continued or what corrections might be needed to make the performance satisfactory.Controlling cannot be implemented unless there is some resource hence the organization should have a structure, which takes this into consideration. There must be some organization and control on how resources will be allocated. Without an organization goal, no management functions can be put into practice. If the manager does not know which direction the company is firing, they cannot choose what course of action to take hence controlling will be difficult. It seems that controlling is regarded as looking back considering the main role of contr olling, which are feedback and monitoring.Managers can put controls when an activity begins. If the actual performance of employees in an organization is not as expected then plans and goals have to be set so that they are put in the right way. For control to work if the plans put in place by the organization are going in the wrong directions the manager needs to indicate the problem and also suggest how to solve it. The manager should also explain how the plan should be proceeded and sentinel toward the right direction.This will make it easy for the person organizing activities of the workers as workers will be given the roles they are able to achieve hence making organization goals attainable. The main role of planning is choosing appropriate goals and courses of action and controlling is monitoring systems to evaluate how well the organization has achieved its goal. Planning process steps include deciding which goals the organization will pursue, deciding what courses of actions to adopt to attain these goals and deciding how to allocate organization resources to attain these goals.Considering that organizing process looks at accomplishing goals identified in the planning process it will be good for an organization to evaluate the performance of employees so as to check if the goals are being attainable and if they do not look attainable performance assessment should be carried out as well as regulation of other activities, which can be time consumed due to lack of skills by the employees should be eliminated.In conclusion if managers are keen on the organization structure that the organization adopts be it flat, tall, product, geographical to make sure that the one implemented caters for the organization goals as well as objectives. The control function can be used to generate reports and audits will be done effectively in less time. This shows that control and organizing function has to work parallel for the effective achievement of organization goals.

Environment, Geographical Location, and its Affects on The Early River-Valley Essay

Food, shelter, fertile land, and trade were essential for early river-valley civilizations. Without food, shelter, fertile land, and trade early river-valleys where doomed for any future achievement in the land. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley are examples of some early river-valley civilizations that relied heavily on its geographies and Mother Nature.For early river-valley civilizations in Egypt the Nile River played a crucial role. Without the Nile, Egypt would be a bleak and hospitable desert filled with mountains, and rocks. The Nile provided water for the people of Egypt. With the Nile being really the only source of water for all of Egypt, I would imagine that these civilizations precious the Nile heavily. The Nile also, helped the farming in Egypt improve. Every September, the Nile, overflowed its banks, spreading water out into the bordering depressed basins. When the waters receded, they left behind a fertile layer of mineral-rich silt, and the farmers could easil y lay down their crops in the moist soil.The early river-valley civilizations of Mesopotamia relied greatly on the Tigris, and the Euphrates Rivers. Mesopotamia means, Land between the rivers.Mesopotamian civilization developed in the plain alongside and between the Tigris and Euphrates, which originate in the mountains of eastern Anatolia and empty into the Persian Gulf. Without the rivers, the civilizations would lease struggled greatly to survive. Reed plants, which grew on the riverbanks and in the marshy southern delta, could easily be woven into mats, baskets, huts, and boats. Also, fish from the rivers and marshes were an of import part of the peoples diet http//search.targetwords.com/u.search?x=5977%7C1%7C%7C%7C%7Cdiet%7CAA1VDw. Another benefit that the rivers gave to the early civilizations was that, herds of sheep, and goat which grazed on the fallow land provided wool, andmilk.Finally, the early river-valley civilizations in the Indus Valley relied significantly on the Indus River. Twice a year the river overflows its banks and spreads for as much as 10 miles. In March and April fadeing snow would melt and feed the rivers. Then, in August, the great monsoon would blow off the ocean to bring rains that swell streams flowing into the Indus. As a result, farmers in this region of little pelting were able to plant and harvest two crops a year.With a bad environment and a bad geographical location an early river-valley civilization didnt have much of a chance surviving. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley were some of the lucky locations where their environment and geographical location benefited them greatly. Egypt would have had barely any water, Mesopotamia wouldnt have been able to trade, and the Indus Valley would have had been deserted without each locations geographical gift.

Maria Theresa of Prussian law

Starting in and around the year 1740 with the crowning of female horse Theresa as empress, began the buildup of the Prussian army. In the eighteenth century commenced the rein of the Prince of Prussia. By mid century, despite only having 3 million inhabitants it had the third soundest army in Europe. It was planning to take over Austria. According to the author, Ozment, the key to Prussias dominance and success was due to its ability to conquer and build because of long lived kings. Frederick I laureled himself the King of Prussia in 1701 and openly challenged Austria.His son, Frederick William I brought back Prussian virtues of discipline, obedience and piety. Between him and his son, the army quadrupled in size. An integration of religion and social reform modify the expanse. This served to enlighten and educate the populace. Prussia attacked Austria three time, won the Silesian war, increased its landmass by half and revenues by a third. Prussia later suffered a few defeats w hen attacked by different European countries in the battle of Kolin and others.But the embattled Prussia returned at Rossbach, thought to be their greatest victory. By wars end, a large amount of the country was destitute and 1/10th of its prewar population had perished. But Frederick aimed to build and rebuild. His reign was deemed enlightened absolutist because it was hierarchical and strong-armed, yet optimistic and progressive for the times. The ruler enabled free press, economic development and the codification of Prussian law.. Frederick believed that the power of Prussia was in its army and he developed it. He also created a strong centralized government and even ruled over the Prussian nobles who wanted their estates, serf and etc. He was also philosophically aligned with John Locke, other enlightened thinker and father of liberalism. Frederick also followed the model that a ruler was authoritative over individuals because he represented and enforced influence in order to make individual freedoms possible.

A rough background on Aquinas

Acquiring the famous reputation as the angelic teacher among the rest of the medieval philosophers be coif of his overwhelmingly potent and undischarged struggle in brilliantly standing on guard the Christian theology during his time which was saw single of the heights of the attacks on Christianity, doubting Thomas doubting Thomas made use of hu composition movement in resolving the criticisms that beset the Christian Church.Resorting to human rationality and argumentation in providing a self-coloured justification for the Christian doctrines that meddled specifically on the surviveence of God symbolized a staunch deviation from the tradition that preoccupied the minds of thinkers during the medieval period. His efforts at utilizing the Aristotelian concepts on metaphysics and epistemology alongside with reason roughly highlights his firm belief that even with the sufficiency of simple faith in establishing religious principles and the very existence of God the procedure of r ational thinking in the strictest sense of the word can all the more fairly demonstrate the basic principles of the Christian faith.One of the most prominent arguments Aquinas proposed is his Five Ways to prove Gods existence. Although Aquinas attempt at proving the existence of God has startling parallels to that of Anselms Onto crystal clear Argument, the antecedent claims that the argument of the latter thinker is unacceptable for the reason that man cannot explicitly demonstrate the existence of God whose nature is beyond the immediate association of man through the straightest means (Oppy). Utilizing what seems to be a sprouting method of his time, Aquinas attempts at filling the structure of the Christian faith by embracing the national of rationality along with faith as the backdrop of his arguments.The Five WaysFirst of the arguments raised by Aquinas is the argument for The Un locomote Mover. At the nerve of this argument is the premise that no object moves without a mo ver, or that all objects move because of a mover in the sense that the leaves of the trees rustle because they be moved by the wind that the balls in the billiard table collide with other balls or move around the table because of the force delivered through the cue stick. A hundred other more examples can be provided. Nevertheless the very essence of all these illustrations is that no object moves without a mover.Apparently, all the examples eventually lease to an infinite regress where no end can be perceived at start-off. However, Aquinas tells us that this is not really an infinite regress for in that respect has to be the presence of a first mover which initiated the series of movements. At this point, Aquinas proceeds to remove the infinite regress by arguing that the first mover is God.In a seemingly parallel argument, Aquinas second argument rests heavily on cause and effect relation. That is, nothing is caused by itself. In other words, each and every effect ultimately b oils down to a certain cause, or that it is of necessity that every effect for it to be an effect in the strictest sense has to be caused by something right at the onset of it being an effect. Again, it might be observed that a line of argument leads to an infinite regress. However, it is not the case for an ultimate cause above anything else has to be responsible for the chain of causes and effects. For that matter, Aquinas resolves the regress by arguing that the first cause is God. This is the uncaused cause argument.The third way offered by Aquinas in primarily proving the existence of God is the cosmological argument. At the core of this argument is the reference to time wherein natural objects have not yet come into physical existence. All the objects that we may know today are virtually inexistent at such(prenominal) point in time. However, Aquinas goes on to argue that since all material objects already exist, there ought to be or have been something immaterial or non-physi cal which brought these objects into physical existence. In essence, Aquinas claims that God is the non-physical entity which brought about the material existence of these objects.Another argument which Aquinas tries to raise is the argument from degree. This argument apparently focuses its premises on certain variations of comparisons between qualities among men and other objects thereby providing a sort of background for yet another claim that all objects in the world, in their numerous manifestations, greatly take issue and outweigh any traceable similarity that may hold them together.Thus, individuals may greatly differ in virtues, with one being an altruist and the rest poisonous criminals aimed at advanceing their personal ends. Nevertheless, even if people vary in these aspects, the contrast between them can only be achieved if we note of a certain referential point for all the degrees of comparison. The reference, then, should be one which is imminently a perfect maximum and that this maximum cannot possibly rest among men themselves. Hence, God is the perfect well-worn for all comparisons and is the ultimate reference.Lastly, Aquinas raises the teleological argument which is essentially the argument that seeks to prove the existence of God using the perceived design of the objects in the world. If we are to look upon the structure of the things we may either directly or indirectly perceive in the world, it will eventually dawn upon our thoughts that everything has been designed in such and such ways, serving various purposes that are derived from the very configuration of things. Similarly, it can be inferred from such premise that, since everything is so designed accordingly, there ought to be a designer of all these things which is a necessity which follows from the given observation on the design of things. The designer, as Aquinas argues, is God.Aquinas and human cognition faith and reasonFor Aquinas, knowledge is the comprehension of the supr eme principles of being which define the very inseparable essences of the ultimate understanding of manthat of the sophia and phronesis. While the former is very much relate with the individuals intellectual capacity to exercise speculative thinking or understanding, the latter is primarily concerned with the aligning of the individuals purport in line with its fitting end through the employment of practical wisdom. These two are inherently mutual in conception and are basically brought together in mans attempt at arriving at the knowledge of everything.Moreover, this attempt of man in obtaining knowledge requires the aid of the Divine in such a way that the intellect may be moved by God to its act. Nevertheless Aquinas maintains that man by himself alone has the inwrought and innate ability to grasp the knowledge of many things even without the special divine revelation. More specifically, natural revelationrevelations obtained through reasonis the truth which, collectible to mans inherent human nature, is made accessible to each and every man. On the other hand, supernatural revelation allows man to comprehend the knowledge on the details of the existence and attributes of God requiring not merely reason but also faith.It should be noted that Aquinas is not entirely disproving the role of reason in arriving at the comprehension of things. Quite on the contrary, Aquinas strongly argues for the primal role of reason in arriving at knowledge. Nevertheless, even if he ascribes a premium weight on the significance of rationality, he qualifies this claim by stating that faith still holds central importance, specifically in acquiring knowledge of the existence of God and several other religious matters.It appears quite obvious, then, that the philosophy of Aquinas in addressing the inquiry on human knowledge of the world cannot be entirely separated from a religious perspective. In explaining the nature of mans knowledge and how one is able to grasp an unders tanding of the populace, Aquinas reinforces his arguments at the bottom by infusing a religious strand in the heaps of his epistemological and metaphysical inquiry.Aquinas on AristotleThe philosophy of Aquinas, in its very central point, is seen to be heavily tainted with the philosophy of Aristotle. Much of this claim, for one reason, rests on the historical perspective wherein several of the writings on the philosophy of Aristotle eventually reached the shores of europium during the time of the Crusades. The ancient texts were then a part of French as well as Italian universities and institutions of education around the middle part of the thirteenth century.Like Aristotle, Aquinas himself agrees and proposes the claim that man is in fact a rational animal wherein man is able to grasp an understanding of the world and to come in at knowledge of the Divine through this reason. Though man is an entity imbued with reason, man can merely arrive at such a comprehension of the univer se through empirical means. That is, man is capable of grasping knowledge of the world through his sensory devour. As Thomas Aquinas sound outs, whatever is know is known in the manner in which man can know it.Mortimer Adler argues that for the most part, Aquinas and Aristotle agree on several points. First, they both agree that the form of the state of affairs of material composites, which can be made known, must be received by the knower with the form quarantined from the corporeal substance. Consequently, by possessing the agency to acquire such forms in such a way grants the idea that the knower is potentially a knower and is actualized when the knower receives these forms. Among other similarities in the ideas that exist between Aquinas and Aristotle, both in general put centrality on the rationality of man and the role of experience or sensory perception in acquiring or knowing objects.Owing much of the philosophical content of Aquinas ideas from Aristotle, the former has a strong belief that reason and human experience can lead man to realizing and understanding the universe and, consequently, the existence of God. And at the time where philosophy is closely knitted to religious matters, Aquinas sought to further reinforce his arguments by injecting Aristotelian philosophy for rationality during the medieval times was one of the factors that seek to explain the universe from a point of view detached from any religious ascription. Thus, Aquinas appears to have Christianized Aristotle in the sense that the former made much use of the latters philosophy in a context slanted towards religion. (Jenkins)On theoretical knowledgeAquinas conceived of theoretical knowledge as something which is the result of human rationality juxtaposed with sensory observation. That is, one can arrive at theoretical knowledge primarily through an observation of ones world and arrive at a logical structure and correlation of these things through the functioning of reason. Tho ugh Aquinas may direct us to the premise that this rationality of man is imbued to all men by God, nevertheless this same rationality alongside with sensory perception addresses the question on how men are able to satisfy his inquiries on matters which are at first unknown to him.For example, one may acquire the theoretical knowledge on the how the tides of the oceans rise and fall through visual perception first and for the first time which later on proceeds with the functioning of reason in attaching causal relations to the observed phenomenon. A similar view can also be held towards volcanic activity, rise and fall of economic activity, and many others.BibliographyDawkins, Richard. The God Delusion. Houghton Mifflin, 2006.Gaarder, Jostein. Sophies World. Reissue ed Berkley, 1996.Jenkins, John I. Intellectus Principorum. Knowledge and Faith in Thomas Aquinas. Cambridge University Press, 2004. 101-61.Oppy, Graham. Some diachronic Considerations. Ontological Arguments and Belief i n God. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1996. 4-46.

The Biomedical Mode of Health

The biomedical forge of wellness origin In wellness psychology it is seen that health is defined by diametric shams. One such mould is the biomedical fashion manakin of health which revolves around the aspect of a healthy body. The place was introduced in the ordinal century and has been used widely to diagnose diseases by the doctors. According to the model every disease or dis dictate is caused by a physical harm. In some other words the diseases or disorders be caused by germs or genes which might be changing the internal surround of the body to cause the disease.Although it has been introduced in the nineteenth century, the roots of the model date gage to the 17th century when Cartesian dualism existed. After its introduction the model replaced the previously famous Humoral look-alike in the twentieth century. The discovery of antibiotics proved to be a breakthrough in the approval of the model. However in the late twentieth century some of the sociologists once aga in started questioning the integrity of the biomedical model of health as they considered the social strongbeing of an singular to be as important as the biological well being (Curtis 2002 Taylor 2008 Lovallo 2005 Havelka et al 2009).Biomedical baby-sit of Health The biomedical model of health sticks its roots from the Cartesian Dualism which is dated back to the seventeenth century in the clock of Descartes. Cartesian Dualism revolved around the aspect that both mind and body are two disparateiate entities irrespective of their functions. In a similar fashion the model considers physical causes to be the main intellect for the disease. The model has replaced the previously followed Humoral Paradigm which was formed by the Greeks.According to this figure the diseases in a gracious body are caused by a certain abnormality in the four basic fluids of the body. In those times the four basic fluids of the body were believed to be blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm. The airinessment of this paradigm overly revolved around the maintenance of these four basic fluids. One thing that the Humoral paradigm and biomedical model of health sustain in common is that both of them consider bodily factors to be the cause of the disease (Curtis 2002).The biomedical model of health revolves around certain factors which have to be present. The model states that for a person to be unhealthy they have to have some sort of biological abnormality. It in addition states that every disease has some specific cause which has to be diagnosed by the doctor in order to cure the patient. It also involves the process of treatment and states that the human body can be reversed back to the normal condition if the right treatment is served to the diseased person. It states that psychological and social processes do not take part in the disease causing process.Moreover it also assumes that mind and body are two different entities that have no such relation with each other and lastly the health of the whole smart set is dependent on the resources that are available to the medical confederation as a whole (Taylor 2008). The model is largely followed all over the world and its principles are also seen to be the most convincing these days. It is because of this model that explorees are being conducted on the biochemical and genetic processes of the body to find tabu about the different diseases.Moreover all the doctors being trained these days are trained on the principles of this model as they have to learn about the internal environment of a human being so that they can treat them. In other words they have to understand the human body so that they can come in in the process of disease that may be causing harm to the patient (Curtis 2002 Taylor & Field 2007). It has helped to tamp out several projects have proved to be a breakthrough in treating various diseases occurring in the society. The Human Genome Project is an example of the advantages of thi s model.Human Genome Project was a project launched in the year 1990 by transnational authorities to find out the sequencing of the human genome along with the identification of the chemical base pairs. Human genomes are the genes which contain information about the hereditary characteristics that an individual would possess. In human beings these are found in the form of genes located on the chromosomes. It is this human genome project which allowed the doctors to learn a lot about the social structure of chromosomes, the proteins coded by the genes, and the number of genes in a human being.It has also made the surgeries safe and effective. Moreover it has also assisted in controlling the diseases occurring all over the world and this can be noticed in the statistics of morality in the different nations. The diseases which were previously considered to be untreatable can now be treated because of the experience acquired after the introduction of this model. As an example the cas es of pneumonia and appendicitis can be considered which previously were untreatable. Pneumonia is a disease caused by the bacteria Pneumococcus and affects the lungs whereas appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix.Pneumonia is a life threatening condition which could not be aged previously but nowadays it can be cured with the help of antibiotics. Appendicitis is also a lethal condition which can be cured with the help of surgery. (Taylor & Field 2007 Havelka et al 2009 Robbins et al 2005). Limitations of the Biomedical Model of Health The biomedical model of health has its own shortcomings and is termed as reductionist by the opponents. In other words it does not broaden its concept towards the factors other than genes and chemicals for example the factors relating to economic or social environment of the individual.This however is covered by the holistic approach which takes the whole situation in musing originally taking a step. Similarly another factor that is menti oned is the relation of the model to the physical causes of the diseases concerned. The opponents point out that not all the diseases are related to physical causes but some of them are caused by a multitude of the factors. An example of the heart disease atherosclerosis can be cited here in which the factors of genetics, diet, and lifestyle play a role (Curtis 2002).It is also criticized to be more related to the aspect of curing preferably than preventing the disease. It is believed to be totally ignoring the aspects of social and psychological variants which do have a role in the promotion of a disease. The treatment process is also related to these variants and again this model does not take into consideration these variants because of which some treatments do not go successful (Taylor 2008). Lastly, the model emphasizes on the body in occurrence irrespective of the role that mind plays in the health of an individual.This aspect of the model can be denied because the researc h these days show that the mind plays a great role in influencing the body. Some diseases may be caused because the person may be living in unstable economic conditions and these conditions are not taken into consideration by the model. An example can be cited here in the therapies that are recommended for people who are suffering from different diseases. For example the cognitive therapy recommended for patients suffering from cancer. cognitive therapy is recommended in the treatment of certain cancers as individuals undergoing he treatment suffer from symptoms like pain, memory loss, lack of concentration, irrational behaviour and mood swings. Cognitive therapies can help in relieving all these symptoms as shown by different researches. (Curtis 2002 Scipio et al 2006). Conclusion The biomedical model of health has been questioned by many sociologists as it does not take the aspect of social well being in its definition. Health is a factor which is dependent on all the aspects of life as put down by the sociologists.Economic and social factors should also be considered when analyzing the health of an individual. These factors also determine the emotions of an individual and hence the person can be sociologically indispose. In other words it is not requirement for a healthy person to be sociologically fit in the current definition of the biomedical model of health. In the latter half of the twentieth century it was realized that the biomedical model of health can be applied to the ones who are diseased biologically but not the ones who are unfit by other means.This approach therefore led to the adaptation of a new approach know as holistic approach. It is seen that nowadays the biomedical model is adopted for curing purposes along with other factors of society when curing a disease (Curtis 2002 Taylor & Field 2007 Derick & Halligan 1970 Checkland et al 2008). References Lovallo, W. R. , & Lovallo, W. R. (2005). Stress & health Biological and psychological i nteractions. pace Oaks, Calif Sage Publications. Checkland, K. , Harrison, S. , McDonald, R. , Grant, S. , Campbell, S. , & Guthrie, B. (January 01, 2008).Biomedicine, holism and general medical practice responses to the 2004 General Practitioner contract. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30, 5, 788-803. Havelka, M. , Lucanin, J. D. , & Lucanin, D. (January 01, 2009). Biopsychosocial modelthe integrated approach to health and disease. Collegium Antropologicum, 33, 1, 303-10. Taylor, S. E. (2008). Health psychology. New York McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Curtis, A. J. (2002). Health psychology. London Routledge. Taylor, S. , & Field, D. (2007). Sociology of health and health care. Oxford Blackwell Pub.Wade, Derick T, & Halligan, Peter W. (1970). Do biomedical models of illness make for good healthcare systems?. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Kumar, Vinay, Abul K. Abbas, Nelson Fausto, Stanley L. Robbins, and Ramzi S. Cotran. Robbins and Cotran unhealthy Basis of Disease. Philadelphia Else vier Saunders, 2005. Abernethy AP, Keefe FJ, McCrory DC, Scipio CD, Matchar DB. Behavioural therapies for the management of cancer pain a systematic review. In Flor H, Kalso E, Dostrovsky JO, editors. Proceedings of the eleventh World Congress on Pain. Seattle IASP Press 2006. p. 78998.

Investment of starhub

This report intends to highlight the bracing issues startup faces and its impact on their earnings and p petty(a)sh be valuations. Tells industry in capital of Singapore only has 3 players inauguration, vest and MI, thus, we would overly look at singlet and MI to aid in our compend. In our report, we get-go use the SOOT analysis and Michael Porters five forces to address inaugural underway issues as the issues identified would contact Startup future earnings. The majority of the threats that Startup faced is brought up by Singlet.Example, Singlet won the PL rights which results in a drop of subscribers for C subject TV for Startup. However, there are still opportunities to grow, from an example of reaping the benefits from the existing market place. By using Michael Porters five forces, we analyzed that the level of competitive rivalry for the industry is safe. The historical calculations reflect the current issues that Startup faced and so deriving with various est imated valuation of Startups stock. The DuPont ROE approach gauges Startups recent financial performance, in comparison with the other devil operators.By putting all figures together, we saw that Startup ROE has ever so been the highest throughout the past few years in 2008 to 2012. Thus, we forecasted that Startup ROE forget remain high than its competitors. With application of various valuation models, we set up examine the intrinsic value of Startups share price and sort out assumptions and estimation. There later on, this value was compared with the current market price to determine if the share is worth investing in. After a good deal computation, the intrinsic share price of Startup is higher than the market share price, thus, it was undervalued.Therefore, our group has decided to go forth with a SELL decision at the time of ululation. Contents 1 . About Startup Ltd 1. 1 . Company Background Startup Ltd, which started in year 2000, is the second operator in the Singapo re telecommunications market. It is an info-communications company, providing a wide range of information, communications and entertainment serve wells. Startup is a component stock of the passing Times Index and the MASC. Singapore Free Index. Startup drives a HASP+ peregrine network to withstand its nationwide GSM network, and an LET network with connection speeds of up to Mbps.They also implement an island-wide HOFF network that carries multi-channel blood TV work (including Internet TV, HDTV, and on-demand service) and high speed residential broadband services. They operate a widespread heady network fear too that provides voice, date and wholesale services. In addition, Startup tapped on Next generation Nationwide Broadband net income to host advanced media-rich value-added services (Startup AAA). 2. SOOT Analysts on startup Ltd The umbrella SOOT profile of Startup will provide the reader a detailed analysis of the organizations business structure and operations. 2. 1 . Strengths 2. . 1. First M all over Advantage Startup has a competitive advantage over Singlet and MI with their cable television u to their prototypal mover advantage into the Cable telecasting market. organism the first in the market allowed them to lock-in popular programs on exclusive get under ones skins such as position Premier League (PL). Further much, Startup is the only cable TV that broadcast tennis take, where subscribers are able to catch the entire top tennis events all year round. As long as having a Hub ID, subscribers preserve watch it on TV, or on laptops, tablets, and smartness via TV anywhere at Startups website (Startup Bibb). . 1. 2. Products and go Mobile Market Although Startups market share standing is second in the mobile industry with 27. % in June 2012, their product offerings are very fast(a) and competitive. Asinine News (2013) reported that Startup launched its High explanation (HAD) Voice technology in 4th March 2013. They are setting th emselves apart because of its value added service in the 36 mobile network whereby the sound quality for local voice calls will be significantly improved. This will encourage new guests to switch over and customer loyalty among the existing customers.This could subscribe to a revenue uplift of in the midst of 5-10%. Cable TV Market Startup monopolized in the Cable TV market between 2002 to 2007, until Singlet launched Mi non in mid-2007. In order to stay competitive, Startup acquired galore(postnominal) new channels. For instant, they acquired a new 24-hour Japanese entertainment channel in 2013 as there has been a lack of Japanese programmer on TV apart from Japan Hour (Straits Times Bibb). In order to tide itself from the loss of PL to Singlet, Startups TV revenue still remain robust with other strong channels like BEEF Euro 2012.Statistics showed that ARPA increasing from $52 to $54 (Straits Times 2012). Startup is also the first to launch Lions as they see that there was muc h hype about local football after the Singapore national team won the last Suzuki Cup (Straits Times 20th). This shows that Startup is trying to subjoin the modification of channels offered and deciding what is to be shown on TV instead of allowing consumers to choose. 2. 2. Weaknesses 2. 2. 1 . Late-Mover Despite contemptible first into the cable television industry, Startup established itself much later than Singlet.Startup was incorporated on 1998 charm Singlet on 1992. Therefore, Singlet already seized the biggest share of the pie and established a respectable name that is extremely recognized by consumers. Where else Startup which is new to the consumers will require a longer time to dawn into the Tells market ND build up consumers trust. In addition, Startup is a late-mover in LET rollover of G wireless data communications. Startup is expected to complete this project by the end of 2013. But by then, both competitors, MI & Singlet will already have nationwide LET coverag e (Tells co-ordinated Singapore, 2013).Singlets fast and aggressive actions attribute to them being the Tells monopolist. 2. 2. 2. Global Presence Startup also have a smaller global aim as compared to Singlet who is the leading communications company in Asia. In the Superabundant Survey, Singlet ranks at no. 5 musical composition Startup didnt even make it to the list. Being a global company also doer that their bargaining ability is higher and their geographic presence is stronger (Superabundant, 2012). Although Singlets main market is concentrated in Singapore and Australia, they also have alliances situated in Indonesia, Belgium, India, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, and Honking.This means that Singlet will be less dependent on Singapore market due to their variegation as compared to Startup. 2. 3. Opportunities 2. 3. 1. Fiber Broadband Figure 2 information taken from Business proctor world-wide 2012. Figure 3 data taken from Business Monitor world-wide 2012. The appeal of high- speed broadband services will lead to the pass up of fixed line business and increase the use of value-added services such as stern and PIPIT using the fiber line. The Next Generation Broadband Network based on FIFTH will deliver 1 Gaps speeds in 201 5 (Business Monitor transnational 2012).The increase momentum is expected to pick up in the next two years as operators persuade consumers to upgrade their existing broadband to the fiber technology. Towards the end of 2012, Startups figures were made up of 439,000 residential broadband subscribers from 431,000 in June 2011. On he other hand, cable modem subscriptions declined from 696,000 in June 2011 to 655,000 in June 2012. This shows that there is a large opportunity for Startup to reap from the Fiber Broadband Market. 2. 3. 2.Reap the Benefits from their Existing Market Figure 4 Data obtained from Singapore Telecommunications wrap up SQ 2012. Figure 5 Data obtained from GIGS 2012 Survey. As the Tells industry in Sin gapore is stretchiness saturation, the only way for Singlet, Startup and MI to grow is to increase the RAPID for each existing customer or to attract new customers from their competitors. Take for instance there is an increase f only 0. 7% q-o-q and 4. 1% of y-o-y in Figure 4. The decelerating step-up shows that the mobile sector is coming to saturation.Startup has to focus more than on generating higher revenue from their existing subscriber base by migrating pre-paid subscribers to post-paid subscribers while sustaining the pre-paid subscriber growth by targeting foreign workers, low-income consumers and long-staying tourists with more attractive promotions. Also, Startup can gain more market share from their competitors as many Singapore are reported being unhappy with Singlets customer service, reception and Mi non unwilling start-up. MIs customers are also most dissatisfied as it was reported that their number of complaints increases every year from 6. % in 2010, to 9. 1% i n 2011 and 16. 3% 2012 the GIGS 2012 survey. 2. 4. Threats 2. 4. 1 . Exclusive Rights to Sports Channel Figure 6 Pay TV dropped by 2% due to the loss of PL Rights. Taken from Startup Annual Report 2012. Startup has a prevailing position in the Cable TV market due to a lack of contender for a couple of years. Thereafter, Startups position was challenged by Singlet when they won the rights for PL from 2010-2013. Subsequently, Singlet won 89,000 subscribers in 2011 while Startup only added ,000 subscribers.Towards the end of June 2012, Singlet had 380,000 Minot subscribers while Startup had 543,000 subscribers (Business Monitor International 2012). The statistics will go down the situation for Startup when it was announced that Singlet outbid Startup for the coveted rights of three more seasons of the English Premier League- 2013-2016. Singlet also aggressively acquired the rights for BEEF Europe League, BEEF Champions League, Series A, FAA Cup, and other great football tournaments. This will lead to Startups customer base switching over to Singlet for sports channel. . 4. 2. Singlet reduce Its Gap with Startups Channel Besides losing the bid of PL to Singlet, Singlets aggressive acquisition of content and customers will continue to rub Startups market share in Cable TV. Singlets Minot offerings have broadened significantly after it added 40 channels from hoax International Channels to its line-up on 1 Novo 12. With a new line-up of more than 130 channels, Singlet has comfortably narrowed its gap with Startup (1 57 channels), diminishing Startup several(predicate)iation and dominance (Singapore Business come off 2013).Secondly, MIM TV service offers potentially slightly cheaper offer (10%) s compared to Startup because of the direct like-for-like cost analysis for both Tells company as a result of product bundling differential on content. If Singlet beef up channel varieties, aggressive sales tactics, and addresses the network quality problems on PIPIT, the gap between Singlet and Startup will narrow drastically. 2. 4. 3. Mobile Data Services Business Monitor International (2012) predicted that the mobile data usage is likely to increase up to 25% or more of ARPA.This could be due to increasing investors for next generation technologies such as LET and HASP+, which would drive more emend for mobile data service. In response to the dramatic growth of the demand, operators would accelerate their investment in these technologies. Strategy Analytics (2011) forecasted that operators who invest early will see improvements in gross margins after 2014. As MI is the first Tells in South East Asia to launch a nationwide G LET network, it gained a competitive edge over the rest. For now, Singlet has 80% coverage in Singapore, and in early 2013, it will have 95% coverage (Singlet, 2013).Both MI and Singlet launched LET plans earlier than Startup which results in Startup lagging behind. Startup should accelerate their investment in the new gene ration LET and HASP+ nucleotide in order to prevent their subscribers from switching to other operators. 2. 4. 4. Sunset Industry Figure 7 Data obtained from Telecoms and Technology Industry Report in Singapore 2012. Figure 8 Data Obtained from Singapore Telecommunications Report SQ 2012. The fixed line business didnt experience much growth in the first two accommodate of 2012 which is attributed to the operators bundling strategy and consumers preference of mobile and Poop.It is forecasted that in 2016, the AMONG could replace the fixed line arrive with Poop over fiber. As we can see from the market data above, the figure of telephone main lines has been forecasted to decline from 1. 407 in 2013 to 1,194 in 2016 while the mobile subscription is forecasted to rise from 8,648,000 in 2013 to 9,812,000 in 2016. Hence, Startup needs to first gear this fading income (Business Monitor International 2012). In addition, there are lesser television viewers today as they can download show s from the internet and they find that the free television programmer (Channel 5, Channel 8 etc) is sufficient.In the black market, there is also n illegal box whereby consumers can get all the channels for free. As Startup requires the installation of cable, so many people dont want to go through the nark to pay for installation and ruin their existing outlook of their house. 2. 4. 5. Reallocation of Spectrum In 2012, there will be a proposed framework for the reallocation of spectrum for G telecommunication systems and service. With increasing spectrum available, it allows faster data transfer range and provision of more innovative services (IDA, AAA). IDA will conduct a main auction that involves two bidding stages in 2013.The bid that Leeds the highest total value will earn the final assignment. Based on the bidding for PL, Singlet has been very aggressive because they have the spending power and ability to challenge Startup and MI head on. This would be a potential threat for Startup as if they are futile to win the bid Singlet would have a larger quantity of spectrums thus withholding a better connection than the rest As a result, the subscribers from the other two operators competency switch to Singlet as their prices are undifferentiated hence the only unique selling point is the quality of products (IDA, Bibb). . Porters atomic number 23 Forces Analysis . 1 . Competitive Rivalry The number of competitors will increase when new technologies are launched in this technologically complex market. They will compete for data intensive and high speed internet connection, hence heightening rivalry in the market (Industry Profile 2010). All three operators have three different markets to compete in such as Mobile, Broadband and Cable TV hence they can metamorphose their revenue sources. However, these services offered by the operators are fairly similar and this worsens the rivalry.Besides the three existing operators, Singapore also saw new players such as Supernatant and LAG Telecoms and Imperceptibly. Overall, rivalry in this market can be evaluated as strong. 3. 2. Threat of New Entry Figure 9 Data obtained from Business Monitor International Singapore Telecommunications Report SQ 2012. Potential entrants will be enticed by the dynamic market growth of Mobile, Broadband and Cable TV market. However, they will find it tough to compete with these established companies- Singlet, Startup and MI due to price competitions.New operators without their own structure can buy entrance to the Tells market thus ransom the capital required to enter the market (Industry Profile 2010). Unfortunately, Singapore popular response for higher bandwidth might infer that the player needs to spend more to invest in the infrastructure for future growth. The virgin market indicates that the new entrants have to attract the customers away from their existing subscriber instead of targeting a new customer segment (Industry Profile 2012).If Startup wants to grow their market share, they need to create more value-added services such as High- definition video chat, Mobile TV. New entrants need to differentiate themselves from the existing players with more attractive promotion plans, higher bandwidth or faster upload-download time. Take for instance, Imperceptibly enticed subscribers by promising not to bind the first 100,000 subscribers with brings. By 2013, Imperceptibly boosted 17% market share of the fiber broadband consumer market within one year (Yahoo News 2013). Overall, threat of new entry in this market can be evaluated as strong. . 3. Buyer Power The chance on buyers are end-users. In this market, buyers have fairly low switching costs and are determined by the time needed to break the existing contract and switch to a competitors contract or with a cancellation penalty. Buyer power is strengthened, especially since full mobile number portability (NP) was launched in June 2008 (Industry Profile 2010). Brand reputation ma y play a part in switching operators, but ultimately the price is a bigger consideration for buyers along with factors such as the quality of connection, speed of devil and existing bundling benefits.Buyer power is weakened again due to the variety of potential customers available- individual customers, business corporations, foreign workers. With only three operators in the Tells industry, this translates into weak bargaining power of the errs as they do not have more choices to choose from. Moreover, in the broadband market, internet access is highly important for normal consumers and especially vital for business consumers. Overall, buyer power is measured as moderate in the Tells market. 3. 4. Supplier Power The key providers are manufacturers of software, hardware and network owners with substantial negotiating power.This market is characterized by strong supplier power because of the high cost of switching as exiting a contract prematurely can be challenging (Industry Profile 2012). If the operator own and operate their own hysteric network then their suppliers would be manufacturers of software and hardware such as Cisco Systems. If the operator does not possess the network and acquire wholesale access to the infrastructure thereafter offering it to the end- parties, then the key suppliers would be the network owners. Take for instance, Startup purchased Fiber broadband from Opponent or Startups PL channel rights from PL itself.Network manufacturers are not completely dependent on the Tells Operators market for their revenues as its by contractual rights (Industry Profile 2010). Generally, supplier power is evaluated as strong. 3. . Threat of Substitute Substitutes to this market are virtually non-existent because there isnt any strong threat to Internet as a whole. The internet itself is a substitute for various services and products- egg, brick-and-mortar shop to online stores. Overall, the strong market growth prevents any potential rivalry hence t he low threat of substitution.