Financial statements Patton

Cyrus McCormick essays

Cyrus McCormick essays Cyrus McCormick was born in 1809 at Willow Grove, the McCormick family farm near Steeles Tavern, Va. The farm operated a sawmill, a cider mill, a distillery, two grain mills and a smokehouse. Cyrus McCormick's father, Robert, had worked on a horse-drawn reaper off and on from 1815, but was never able to get his designs to work In 1831, Robert McCormick abandoned his efforts to perfect his reaper. Working in the farm's blacksmith shop, his 22-year-old son, Cyrus, took up the challenge of the reaper. He took his father's design as a starting point and added several new features. Within six weeks, they had built a successful demonstration model of the reaper and conducted a public trial of the machine at Walnut Grove. The reaper used a reciprocating knife, much like today's sickle bar mower, to cut the grain. Metal fingers guided the stalks into the knife and a revolving reel pushed the grain into the knife for a clean cut. A master wheel which carried most of the weight of the machine rolled on the ground and drove the knife through gears and linkages. The cut grain fell onto a platform behind the knife where it was raked off into windrows or piles. A horse pulled the machine through the field. With McCormick's reaper, two people could cut as much grain in one day as four or five men with cradles, or a dozen with After the successful trial in 1831, McCormick continued to improve his design, and applied for a patent in 1834. By 1841, he was finally satisfied with his machine, and began offering the reaper for sale. Sales were slow at first; farmers had been harvesting wheat for generations with hand-tools and were skeptical of this new-fangled invention. McCormick advertised his machine with a guarantee. If the reaper was not as strong and durable as he claimed, and would not cut 15 acres a day and save one bushel of wheat per acre, the reaper could be returned for a refund. McCormick's use ...

Theory and Practice in Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theory and Practice in Management - Essay Example The levels of authority given to different individuals in an organisation are mainly determined by the structure of the organisation and the type of power used in any given organisation often determines the overall performance of the employees as well as its productivity levels. There are mainly six types of power that are popular and these include: coercion, position, reward, support, knowledge and interpersonal (Krausz 1986). Coercion is based on fear or punishment where the responsible authorities would seek to ensure that all the members comply with the given instructions while position is related to the status of a person in the hierarchy of the organisation. Reward is based on the capacity to offer incentives on good performance while support is concerned with influencing the involvement of peers or workmates. Knowledge is based on the skills possessed by an individual and interpersonal is mainly concerned with communication skills by a particular individual. Adaptive organisations which emphasize the flexibility to adapt to change can enhance creativity while bureaucratic, mechanistic or rigid structures will inhibit creativity Woodman (1995). An organisation which has a flat structure often promotes creativity and it helps promote easier communication and information sharing. In some cases, the appropriate reward system is essential for motivating employees to become innovative. When the employees have freedom and authority to participate in decision making process, they will have a positive attitude towards creativity and innovation. Open systems that promote participation and interaction also allow the free flow of information which in turn promotes mutual understanding among the employees. For instance, a case study of Ernest and Young showed that the organisation managed to increase employee retention level by about 9 % after the company began introducing open systems that gave autonomy to the workers while at the same time offerin g rewards

Seasonal Decomposition Output Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Seasonal Decomposition Output - Essay Example 1. An insurance company is examining its automobile collision claims in order to understand what factors might contribute to the size of a claim. It analyzes data from 40 claims, including the year and model of the car, the age of the driver, the weather conditions, and other information from the police report. Considering what you have studied so far in BUS 305, suggest an analytical process that would be appropriate for the insurance company to use to predict the size of a claim. Support your suggestion with explanations.   Regression analysis is the most appropriate analytical process that would help predict the size of the claim. The analytical process is appropriate since it estimates the relationship between the variables   2. Exhibit 3 provides time series data. Create a time series plot of this data. In your essay, describe the features you find and explain which of these four forecasting methods—linear trend, nonlinear trend, seasonal decomposition, or simple exponential smoothing—would be best suited for forecasting.   The values of Y exhibit an upward trend i.e. the values have maintained a steady increase thus the linear trend would be more appropriate to be used for the forecasting purposes. The forecasting equation for the linear trend model is given as:   Where  is the time index? The parameters  and  (the "intercept" and "slope" of the trend line) are usually estimated via a simple regression in which Y is the dependent variable and the time index t is the independent variable.

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 12

Answer questions - Essay Example Here, issues of bank overdraft are nonexistent and the business is in a good business shape. An example of when underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts receivable turnover increases one period to the next and is favorable is when the accounts receivable turnover has a high value, which shows that there is an improvement in the process of collecting cash on credit sales. An example of when underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts receivable turnover increases one period to the next and is unfavorable is when the accounts receivable turnover has a lower figure that indicated inefficiencies in collection of credit sales. A example of when the underlying circumstances may be such that the accounts payable turnover increases from one period to the next is favorable is when a company is paying its suppliers longer than it should take. This means that the company is taking advantage of discounts that come with early payment. Credit analysis refers to the method used to investigate whether a company has the financial ability to repay its obligations. It is done through the development of classification-based approach that seeks to differentiate potential defaulters from non-defaulters. The basics of credit analysis can be understood through five C’s that include character, capacity, capital, collateral and conditions. The first C, character, refers to the general impression the customer has on the prospective investor or lender. The lender comes up with a subjective opinion regarding whether the company or client can be trusted to repay a loan or generate a return from the funds that are invested into the firm. The background of the company and the experience in its particular field of business are issues that must be considered including issues of employee experience, and the quality of the references given

Innovations In Continuous Internal Assessment English Language Essay

Innovations In Continuous Internal Assessment English Language Essay The present system of one-shot summative evaluation by means of the course end examination has been criticized (and also supported by some) by some of the stakeholders of education system. The purpose of evaluation is to see if a given programme is working, an institution is successful according to the goals set for it, and the original intent is being successfully carried out. It means to determine social utility, desirability or effectiveness of a process, product or a programme and includes recommendation for some better future course of action. Evaluation does not just mean measurement of the level of learning outcomes but more so an approach for further improving the system. It needs to be diagnostic and formative in nature to provide remedial help to the students. It is also agreed by all academicians that evaluation should act as a positive input for improving the teaching learning process and not as a deterrent. The report card of evaluation should reflect not only the schola stic aspects of the learner, but also Life Skills acquisition, personality attributes, behaviour interests, attitudes, values and proficiency in indoor as well as outdoor co-curricular activities. It should facilitate in unravelling the latent talent and reflect a true picture of the growth and profile of a young learner (Vineet Joshi, Chaiman Secretary, CBSE, 2009). One consequence of the global influences, such as changes in the world economy, the information revolution, environmentalism, and cross-national health threats, is the move away from the heavy use of traditional, more judgmental approaches to assessment toward alternative, more inclusive means of determining what learners know and can do. Along with this move is a thoughtful re-examination of just what we want from our learners in classrooms worldwide. (Carol A. Puhl, 1997). Realizing the flaws in the present system of evaluation and importance of comprehensive continuous assessment, a country has to not only reform but also transform the process of evaluation in the current education system. With this objective (for improving the quality of education), Government of India also has planned to put in place a system of continuous assessment in few months time (PM,s address to the nation on the occasion of the countrys 65th Independence Day). Different forms of continuous assessment can be used by different subject teachers for different levels of learners. Though broad guidelines can be laid down, exact procedure to be followed cannot be explicitly stated for a specific course or programmes. Every individual tutor may be trying within the limitations of resources and his experience different ways of evaluating the students continually over a semester or academic year. The effectiveness of this process can be determined only through the learners performance after the course. In this paper, I have made an attempt to share my experience in comprehensive continuous assessment of the students at tertiary level in English language/ literature class rooms. Changing Role of Teachers Modern Indias system of education expanding as never before with graduation as the minimum entry level qualification for a job and Masters degree a mere gateway for a career, the need of the hour is far beyond the degrees in paper. What matters most is attitude and varied skill sets in order to sustain ones place in the competitive and challenging global job market. To fulfill these requirements, our democratic nation shoulders the huge responsibility of modifying its past principle, Survival of the fittest to suit the current needs as fit all of them to survive. This present principle being our goal, all the universities and academicians play a vital role in transforming this goal into action. The function of tertiary and higher education institutes and the quality of students produced by them requires not only a thorough scrutiny but also a major revision and a complete reformation to address the challenges in todays changing education environment. Our country needs not just gradua tes but intellectual dynamites to think locally and act globally, individuals with thinking minds, responsible citizens to lead India in the path of progress as a developed nation. In the branch of tertiary and higher education today, semester pattern is largely being followed by most of the universities, India and abroad. With such practice in vogue, an academic year comprising two semesters, Spring and Fall, should contain relevant topics, both significant in content and interesting in variety thus fulfilling the knowledge function. True to the saying that knowledge is power, only if applied, such knowledge-gain has to be tested in practice. Testing is nothing but practicing the power of learning. From times immemorial, examination, either oral or written has been in vogue only to check the comprehensive level of the receiver. We should keep in mind the fact that checks and balances are part of any established system. Contrary to this ancient belief, testing of knowledge, in a way, also helps both the learner and the teacher to know more from each other which can further lead to self-scrutiny and betterment. To smoothen this process, as a first step, appropri ate modern teaching methods have to be applied along with the essential pedagogical resources for the knowledge transfer to happen successfully. Again the teaching-learning process remains partial if there is no training function. Implementation of practical methods has become the need of the hour not only for science subjects even for humanities. Due to such changing trends in the field of modern education, a classroom, meant for knowledge-sharing, is no longer an exclusive teacher-cantered domain for delivering lectures based on theory. As the dimension of learning process includes in its fold different types of experimental learning techniques using technology as teaching aid, the classroom becomes a world in itself. The suggested place also serves as a continuous learning-cum-testing ground to know more and more: starting from critical thinking to presentation skills, personality enrichment to behavioural science, verbal to non-verbal communication methods, subjective to objective approaches, so on and so forth. With these wide-ranging benefits, continuous internal assessment paves way to self-development, knowledge upgr adation, creativity, innovative thinking , problem-solving, strategic planning, time management etc. thus leading further to the road not taken. Thus learning and assessment go hand in hand as a continuous process. Obviously, to match the changing trends, the learning outcome tested by means of assessment is undergoing a sea-change as well. Now, to focus on the teaching of English language and literature in the present century, a teacher cannot sit back to play the conventional role of merely teaching and assessing the students performance and publishing their results. There is no denial of this public-service function performed by a teacher which in addition to this mandatory task demands an extension of role as a trainer to identify and hone the skill of students. Therefore, a multi-level learner-centered training programme has to be incorporated as part of the regular teaching method in the form of activities and games to develop language skills and literature study. As a result, a new job-description evolves for a teacher in order to match the rising professional standards. To bridge the existing gulf between the old and new standards, the teaching faculty has to be made aware of the ever-c hanging roles and responsibilities across the world. Teaching profession expects the teacher to emerge in a new avatar of multi-tasking. As a result, a new job-description evolves for a contemporary teacher to suit the rising standards. For equipping the teachers, orientation programmes and training workshops on tech-savvy teaching can be organized at regular intervals thus helping the tutors do justice to this new avatar. Learning journey takes a new route: With the increase in population and universal primary education becoming one of the seven millennium development goals proposed by the United Nations, the class room size is increasing and paying individual attention to each and every learner becomes extremely difficult even for the most dedicated tutors. Evaluation of continuous assessment components becomes even more time consuming and labourious. In such circumstances, Virtual learning environment eases the work of the tutor and reaches the door steps of the learners who have access to the internet. Among the present generation of students, there is hardly a person without a laptop and in some states in India, government offers free laptops to the student community at the tertiary level. Thus the changing times and emerging trends bring technology to our service for fulfilling the demanding educational needs in a much more effective way. Many open source software (Moodle is one) are available which needs just customization to suit the needs of the institution/ programme. With VLE, students and teachers can work on the same platform as per their convenience in many ways having scheduled activities over a semester with a time frame for every activity. Semester work plan/ weekly teaching schedule, learning resources such as power point slides, videos, lecture notes, reading or course material, assignment and presentation topics, links to files or websites having learning resources, quiz questions, or anything you name can be added and uploaded, periodical online tests can be conducted. This tool also provides extended facilities for grading, report generation (best results are achieved with MCQ based tests), backup and restoring of files. The actual constraint may be the resources and training provided to the tutors by the institutions they work with. Access to the computers during off-class hours in the college, stable and fast internet connection and necessary software should be available to the faculty. Ther e may be resentments at the beginning as it involves extra labour on preparation, over the years the tutors will have the ease of using it effectively even for a large group of students. Researched Assignment: From east to west, assignments are the best methods to inculcate research practices in students, as research at graduate, masters and doctoral level has proved to be application oriented. The general framework/ sequential task involves gathering relevant information through research, understanding and interpreting the collected details by applying critical thinking, planning and outlining the draft, coherent organization of details, structuring the paragraphs with appropriate thesis statement and topic sentences and thus presenting the thought-inductive ideas in a refined written form. Such series of steps can be worked together in pair. Even for this task, innovative measures can be applied right from the beginning by posting the assignment topics over VLE along with the necessary guidelines and time frame to monitor the progress and submission. Assignment submitted after the deadline will not be accepted by the system. Also, the question of being unaware of the task never arises as the assigned task glows with the tag NEW and its mandatory for both the teacher and the taught to access this link very often for exchanging their views in the discussion forum , for the announcement of academic activities etc. One another advantage of this soft copy assignment submission is that the whole write up can be scrutinized for on line plagiarism by using software (Viper is one such software which is an open source software). This feasible method can curb plagiarism, an academic dishonesty, to a possible extent. Moreover, students can submit hard copy as well to proceed with the usual evaluation pattern. For systematic evaluati on, following a specific preset marking criteria encompassing content, critical analysis(inclusive of quotations), referencing (in-text and end-text) and language can help in setting a standard evaluation procedure thus enhancing the skill set of the learners with a better end-product. Power Point Presentation: The main objective of this internal component is to enhance the spoken communication of the students. Other inherent aspects looked at are the style of presentation, fluency and flow of speech, pronunciation and choice of words, use of right terms, intonation, body language, the level of confidence and above all the ability to reach out to the listeners and tackling the questions at the end of the session. The presentation purpose listed above is quite common for all. Therefore, let me move on to the presentation tool. Since Chart is the most familiar tool used even at school level , todays young students whose lifestyle keeps moving from screen to screen (from television to mobile to computer) can be trained to present the topic as ppt slides. The constructive use of technology as an aid in academics not only makes the presentation interesting and informative but also kindles the creativity of students. Coming to the assessment part, an exclusive grading sheet for the presentation can be formulated to evaluate the performance. To ensure a cohesive presentation, prior planning is required which includes a brief outline of the presentation schedule with the group division of students and their topics along with the grading criteria. The planned schedule can be uploaded over VLE well in advance so that students can start preparing their topics. Usually the presentation can be conducted a few weeks before the semester draws to a close and using this method one particular text a play or a novel can be assigned for the students to prepare and present. A model presentation plan has been chartered for practice. Grading Criteria Group Names [ Group division] Presentation Topic Marks Total Content: In-depth subject knowledge Proper use of textual lines adequate explanation Critical analysis Group 1: A , B C Text assigned: Ben Jonsons The Alchemist- a play A: The Age of Jonson BJ as a playwright. B: Intro. To the play concerned with a briefing on the plot structure characters. C: The origin and application of Js theory Presentation Style: Clarity in presentation Coherent flow of ideas Unique method of representing the concept Voice modulation Group 2: Each group can have 4 or 5 presenters Presenter 1: Act I-sc.i, ii P 2: sc. iii iv, an analysis P 3: On character sketch, traits and major events. P 4: Overall critical analysis of Act I with the comments of critics Language Fluency Appropriate choice of words Pronunciation -The pattern continues for a week or for 7 lecture hours. The method continues for all the acts of the play done by the subsequent groups Body Language Eye contact Confidence Last Group: Sums up the whole task P 1: Revisit the play as a whole highlighting the major events and their significance. Interaction Independent tackling of the queries -Task to be continued and completed. P 2: Focuses on the method of characterization with the classification of major and minor chrs The prime objective of this presentation model is to promote independent learning and individual thinking. End purpose: Students gain knowledge through self-learning and practice. P3:Traits and disposition of the chrs, highlighted. P 4 5: on Thematic concerns. Action Spread Sheet Method: This unique method is also a proven success when implemented in my teaching career. Its feasible for a small group of learners with a student strength ranging up to 25 and can be applied in the II or III semester after establishing a friendly familiarity with the attitude and aptitude of the group involved. The uniqueness of the mode of assessment for this method lies in the fact that its purely based on text-based activities performed by each group throughout the semester. For instance, I applied this method for the II semester English Literature group comprising 24 students. The module title and the recommended texts for this module are: English Poetry Drama: C14 17. Texts: 1.Chaucer : General Prologue to Canterbury Tales 2.Marlowe: Doctor Faustus 3. BenJonson: The Alchemist 4. John Milton: Paradise Lost, Bk.I 5. Metaphysical Poets: 3 Poems of John Donne 2 poems of Andrew Marvell. Continually assessed semester activity plan: A Sample Product When a text is being taught, either in the middle of the weekly schedule or at the end, students should perform a group-based activity. The one and only condition is that, all the members in the group should contribute, so that they can be marked. Otherwise everything is left to the creative imagination of the students. This fun learning exercise happens in the classroom within the class hours and that too with minimum properties. Group 1: Activity 1: A mime show on Chaucers pilgrims. Gp.2 : Activity 2: Literary parade of seven deadly sins and its contemporary relevance. Gp.3 : Activity 3: Choose one gulling scene involving Subtle, Face and any other victim or Quiz programme can be conducted by the group on this particular text. Gp.4 :Activity 4: Famous speeches of Satan, Beelezebub and the epic similes: to be recited and their significant meanings pointed out. Gp.5 :Activity 5: A slideshow or an album of the major metaphysical poets, their contribution, and the rules devised by the metaphysical school of poets for their poetry construction with examples from the poems studied. Gp.6 : Activity 6: Definition and explanation of the metaphysical conceits, wits and symbols appearing in the prescribed poems. This method provides ample room for fun and creative learning with enthusiastic participation from the students thus creating a better learning environment. For this activity, the assessment record has to be maintained throughout the semester as it can be finalized only at the end. Portfolio Assessment for Creative Writing: The Creative writing module containing short fiction and non-fiction writing has submission of portfolio for assessment. All the drafts, workshop materials, activities done individually, in pair and group and the research work done has to be filed in order with the date and topic and has to be submitted along with the final draft of the story and an essay. Short fiction comprising story writing is taught through varied activities . They are developing story from a poem, writing a scene, lottery story-writing focusing mainly on character sketch by drawing lots, collaborative dialogue writing, completing a given story, sketching a captivating scene, developing conflicts both internal and external etc. Well trained on all the aspects of story-writing, the student is expected to create an original story. Marks are awarded based on Plot structure, characterization, technical aspects, language and theme. For non-fiction the assessment is based on content, organization, language and methodology. This portfolio pattern, which practically includes everything done by a student from beginning till the end, trains youngsters to remain well-organized. Conclusion Any method adopted by teachers in any classroom for comprehensive continuous assessment also has obstacles like classroom size, workload for the teacher and other responsibilities shouldered by the teachers in the institute. The support and encouragement rendered by the institution to the teachers and the receptivity of the students to the initiatives are some other factors that affect the success of the process. An institution may have the best infrastructure and curriculum but the ultimate success lies in the hand of the teacher and the learner specially on their attitude towards teaching and learning. To conclude, the success of any innovation in the academic circle rests on two factors. On the one hand, the larger picture matters and on the other the connectivity enjoyed between the teacher and the taught.

Assessing Learners Needs in Education Essay example -- essays research

Units 101 &105 In this essay I shall be examining the importance of accurate initial assessment of learner’s needs. In order to do this it is necessary to correctly identify my learners so that appropriate teaching methods can be structured for them. From there, I shall explore how to best support learners throughout their period of study, both in terms of educational support, and in terms of developing their self confidence. The students I teach are studying toward a 2 year diploma in Creative Sound Engineering & Music Technology at Deep Blue Sound (DBS). It is common for the learners to come from a fairly narrow section of society. Broadly speaking, learners are male, and fall into the 16-25 age range, although there is also at least one learner in his late forties. Group sizes average between 8 and 14. The learner’s first point of contact, and assessment, comes through their application. This will provide us with clues to the potential needs of the student, including their age (and need for supervision), current understanding of the subject, and any appropriate experience or qualifications they may have. From here candidates are invited to an interview, where they are given a full tour of the facilities along with an overview of the structure of the course. The interview stage allows us to assess both their suitability for the course, both in terms of attitude and ability, and gives us an insight into their expectations and requirements, and their potential barriers to learning. For example, those who are not school leavers may well have obstacles to learning that their school-leaving counterparts do not share. As Armitage (1999) observes: â€Å"(Having a continuous learning experience from the age of 5) is generally not the case for the adult learner who may not have been involved in a formal education experience for some time and whose knowledge and expectations of education may only be based on their own school experience. Equally, the adult re-entering the education system at any level has many more outside responsibilities and pressures than the younger FE or HE student.† Applicants will also be tested at this stage for computer literacy. During the enrolment procedure, learners are assessed for literacy using the Smog Readability Formula (McLaughlin, G. 1969: 639-646), in order to bring to light, amongst other things, potential learning dif... ...o all handouts and project briefs in electronic format, so that his computer is able to read them back to him. Once this trust has been established, the line of communication between student and teacher becomes much more free-flowing, effectively facilitating the tutor’s ongoing assessment of the class. In conclusion, in order for us to guarantee a successful and enjoyable learning experience for the student, we must accurately assess the individual needs of the learner, and be aware of how dynamic these needs can be. Through maintaining open channels of communication between students and staff, and by providing the student with a safe place to learn, we can adapt our teaching styles to grow with the changing needs of the learner, as well as providing helpful and meaningful support for them, ensuring they receive the most effective training possible whilst studying on the course. Bibliography Armitage, A. (1999) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education, 2nd Ed, King’s Lynn: OUP. P63 McLaughlin, G. (1969), SMOG grading: A new readability formula. Journal of Reading, 12 (8) 639-646 Petty, G. (2004), Teaching Today, 4th Ed, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd. P201

Bilbo Baggins in “The Hobbit” Essay

Firstly, it is necessary to outline that Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist and title character of â€Å"The Hobbit†. He is the most important figure in the novel, because his emotions, feelings and actions shape the plot of the story. Bilbo’s appearance is rather original and even funny as he is only half the size of a man. In the beginning of the novel Bilbo appears to be comfortable and complacent like most hobbits. For example, he likes drink, food and security as well as he has his snug little hole at Bag End, Underhill. However, starting from the chapter 5, when Gandalf â€Å"enlists Bilbo’s help in Thorin’s quest for the treasure under the mountain†, Bilbo gradually changes, develops and transforms from a cautious homebody to a confident and brave hero. With novel progression, Baggins displays inner cunning, strength and, certainly, he becomes the dominant force which holds the group of hapless dwarves together. Bilbo gains their respect, because he saves them from the goblins by shouting for Gandalf and then he helps them to defeat the spider and wood elves in Mirkwood. He is respected for finding the way into the mountain and leading dwarfs to the desired treasure. Furthermore, Bilbo discovers the weak spot of Smaug and tries to thwart Thorin’s greed. Simply saying, Bilbo wants to bring peace to the feuding dwarves, elves, and humans. Chapter 8 is the turning point in hero’s development, because Bilbo kills the spider and feels like â€Å"a different person†. Further, despite dwarfs’ stubbornness and inability to make proper decisions, Bilbo develops his newfound qualities of initiative, courage, and heroism. It is necessary to underline that when other participants of the journey become corrupted with greediness, Baggins tries to maintain common sense and courage. Throughout the novel, Bilbo discovers new capabilities unknown to him earlier. Moreover, he doesn’t become arrogant and follows his principles and values. Bilbo learns how to thrive and how to draw strength from the simple source trying to stay true to himself all along. References Tolkien, J. , Gardner, P. (ed. ) & Phllips, B. (ed. ). (2002). The Hobbit. New York, NY: Spark Pub.

Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Example

Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Example Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Foster Parents And Solution Focused Brief Therapy Social Work Essay Essay Abstraction Approximately 60 per centum of kids populating in curative Foster attention, enter the system with a diagnosing of moderate to terrible mental wellness issues. These kids, placed in curative Foster places, can show riotous behaviours. Maladaptive get bying accomplishments on the portion of the kid or emphasis bring oning behaviours on the portion of the health professional can do a crises taking to possible remotion from the place. Solution focused brief therapy, could increase the quality of the relationship between surrogate parent and kid. Foster kids and parents can hold a disparity between the perceptual experience of a state of affairs and improper communicating of opposing positions may take to crisis. Exploitation tools and renters of solution focused brief therapy could diminish placement breaks. The intent of this article is to place common issues and challenges confronting surrogate parents and kids, and illustrations of intercessions utilizing solution based therapy. The strength-based intercessions, coupled with the current evidenced-based preparation, will diminish placement breaks, and increase the potency of successful passages from surrogate attention. The article will discourse current evidenced-based intercessions, and solution focused therapy as an extra curative attack. In this article, common issues and challenges confronting surrogate parents and kids are discussed ; and strengths and restrictions of implementing solution focused therapy techniques are explored. : Keywords: Curative Foster Care, Foster Parents, Foster Children, Solution Focused Brief Therapy, Training Foster Parents and Solution Focused Brief Therapy: An estimated 541,000 kids in America live in the Foster attention system today ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . Residential intervention installations, psychiatric group places, and foster/ affinity attention comprise most of these out of place arrangements. Curative Foster Care, ( TFC ) is an extra type of out of place arrangement and is a specialised service designed to function kids with particular demands ( Berika, 1999 ) . These particular demands range from emotional, cognitive, and physical/medical and can function as a measure down between a residential intervention centre and Foster attention ( Strijker, Oijen, A ; Dickscheit, 2010 ) . Each specific type of out of place arrangement offers differences in the ends and maps of Foster attention and curative Foster attention are legion. Maltreated kids are placed in surrogate attention chiefly to have protection, and stableness. If the kid exhibits the demand for mental wellness or substance maltreatment therapy, the service is provided outside of the place ( Farmer, Mustillo, Burns, A ; Holden, 2008 ) . Transitioning statement from fc 2 tfc ( on the other manus ) Therapeutic Foster attention combines the construction of a residential intervention installation with the attention and protection of the place environment. Fifty nine per centum of kids come ining curative Foster attention address serious degrees of emotional behavioural issues ; and need rehabilitation ( Hochstadt, Jaudes, Zimo, A ; Schacter, 1987 ) . Curative intercessions take topographic point within the place, with the end of incorporating freshly acquired interpersonal accomplishments into the place environment, which are necessary for future household reunion. Multiple grounds exist easing the demand to put a kid outside of the place for intervention. Bad household factors include poorness, divorce within the immediate household, ( Williams at all, 1990 ) , biological parental mental unwellness, witnessing domestic force, and anterior captivities within the immediate household ( Johnson, 1989 ) . The inability or involuntariness of the primary health professional to care for the kid is extra grounds for biological parental rights expiration ( Pecora, White, Jackson, A ; Wiggins, 2009 ) . Alternatively, the kid may hold been removed from the place due to pretermit or hapless parenting. Substance maltreatment by the biological parents, or even the immature individual themselves, are extra factors in the determination to take the kid from the biological place. Therefore, due to legion grounds, the young person may hold trouble acclimatizing to new life state of affairss. Children placed in curative Foster attention tend to exhibit hapless get bying accomplishments, low defeat tolerance, and projecting upsets such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Fiegelman A ; Harrington, 1993 ) . The behaviours that accompany such projecting upsets may do foster parents to see empathy weariness ( Lipscome, Moyers, A ; Farmer, 2004 ) . Empathy weariness is a prima cause for which a Foster parent decides to give up the Foster kid ( Parker, 2009 ) . This is known as a placement break or the kid s unscheduled remotion from the Foster place for good. Numerous publications study findings, that arrangement break has a damaging consequence on surrogate kids. The American Academy of Pediatrics reported placement break, Hinders the development and mending procedure of kids ( American Academy of paediatricss 2000 ) . Placement break jeopardizes the chance for kids to develop trusting and unafraid relationships with grownups ( Robertson, 1989 ) . The act of dividing a kid from biological households induces feelings of rejection, guilt, forsaking, and shame, ( Garland et al. , 2000, Simm at el 2000 ) regardless of the ground. Multiple arrangements before the age of 14 are associated with higher rates of delinquency in young persons . Recent surveies show a relationship between surrogate child arrangement break and the addition of surrogate attention alumnas homelessness, captivity, and victimization. ( Courtney, Dworsky, Lee, A ; Raap, 2009 ) . Harmonizing to the Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, Far excessively many surrogate young person are non geting the life accomplishments or developing the interpersonal connexions they need if they are to go productive immature grownups ( Midwest Evaluation of Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth, 2010 ) . Foster parents are to supply a safe and nurturing place, which will transfuse interpersonal communicating and effectual life accomplishments to youth. The constitution of the connexion between the surrogate parent and the surrogate kid demands is critical due to beliefs that Foster parents would profit from the usage of solution focused based curative techniques with the Foster kid as these techniques provide____________________________________ . Multiple preparation plans have attempted to integrate these accomplishments within the juvenile s day-to-day modus operandi ( Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk, Reid, Leve, A ; Laurent, 2008 ) . LIST PREVIOUS MODLES Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care is a strengths-based intercession advancing kid and adolescent resilience in young person exposed to early hardship . Application of MTFC within a intervention Foster attention place employs a point and degree privilege system. Multiple surveies show the effectivity of utilizing a reward degree plan ( Fisher Chamberlain A ; Leve 2009 ) . A 2nd intercession theoretical account, which is a modified version of the multidimensional intervention Foster attention intercession designed for younger kids is called maintaining surrogate parents trained and supported ( Price, Chamberlain, Landsverk A ; Reid, 2009 ) . Other theoretical accounts of deserving mentioning. When a kid faces the instability of arrangement break, they do non hold a consistent environment where they feel safe to maturate ; alternatively, they must re-adapt the new life state of affairs. We suggest following the renters and techniques of solution focused brief therapy in add-on to the aforesaid surrogate parent preparation will increase placement stableness. Training the Foster parents in solution focused therapy techniques we believe they will help the young person in going solution oriented. This new set of accomplishments taught to the kid, by the Foster parent has the possible to increase the surrogate kid s quality of life by diminishing placement breaks. Solution focused therapy lends itself good as an extra component preparation of surrogate parents. Through a inquiry and reply conversation, it enables the surrogate parent to see the position of a given state of affairs through the eyes of the kid. Solution focused brief therapy is strengths-based and future oriented, while still formalizing the individual s experience ( Littrell, 2006 ) . Major renters of this theory are ( a. ) alteration is changeless ( B. ) there is ever an exclusion to the job ( c. ) there are many ways of looking at a state of affairs, all every bit of import ( Bannink, 2006/2010 ) . It brings little successes to the kid or surrogate parents consciousness, and assists them in going solution oriented. This article will discourse several solutions focused based therapy techniques with illustrations of their application. Scaling inquiries, including what identifies and increase or diminish of one point and the application will be discussed. Coping inquiries, which illuminates the health professionals and surrogate kid s strengths, will be investigated. The usage of linguistic communication tool statements, such as You must hold had a ground to , will be explored. The designation of the kid s resources both internal and external will besides be examined with illustrations exemplifying the application. The execution of solution-focused therapy to increase Foster attention arrangement stableness has been used in residential curative intervention installations. In a recent survey it was found during the first twelvemonth of intervention, the young person were counseled utilizing the techniques of Cognitive behavioural therapy. In the 2nd twelvemonth they were counseled utilizing solution focused brief therapy. It was discovered, the figure of breaks from these young persons decreased from average bing 6.29 ( standard divergence bing 3.6 ) to intend peers 1.45 ( standard divergence.68 ) , P lt ; 001. Statistics show when used with displaced kids solution focused brief therapy has the possible to diminish behavioural breaks ( . It is our belief utilizing solution focused brief therapy techniques will increase interpersonal communicating accomplishments and problem-solving accomplishments of these young person. It is besides our belief that utilizing solution focused brief therapy tech niques in concurrence with proved developing plans will diminish placement break and in bend decrease the negative social effects of placement break. In this article, we will discourse assorted emotional wellness rehabilitation demands of surrogate kids referred to curative Foster attention. A concise geographic expedition of current evidence-based curative Foster parent preparation theoretical accounts foregrounding their strengths and failings will take topographic point. The nucleus renters of solution focused brief therapy will be explored with the purpose intent of placing specific intercessions for usage with this population. Furthermore, illustrations of the preferable intercession techniques of solution focused brief therapy will be provided. Finally, the strengths and restrictions of utilizing solution focused brief therapy with this population will be discussed with suggestions for farther research. I. Socioeconomic branchings of child ill-treatment. Neglecting the curative Foster attention populations has a enfeebling consequence on the economic system. Homelessness ( look into tense and safe assign ) In surveies focused on homelessness in maturity, arrangement in surrogate attention in childhood or adolescence often emerges as a hazard factor. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } For illustration a survey conducted by the Casey Institute showed within a two twelvemonth period shows homelessness for surrogate alumnas exceeded 12. % , which is the rate for a individual episode of homelessness amid US grownups. One fifth of the striplings taking portion in the survey experienced chronic homelessness. { { 86 Anonymous ; } } Homelessness in adolescence and immature maturity has been shown to be associated with elevated hazards of a figure of negative results. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } These services need to get down before, to be extended to all eligible kids in Foster attention, and to stay available until former Foster attention young person have attained stableness as immature grownups ( Kushel et al. , 2007 ; Pecora et al. , 2006 ) . Research findings indicate that services need to get down early when a household foremost arrives at a shelter or the kid first enters foster attention, peculiarly since early intercession for immature kids can cut down the magnitude of injury and subsequent jobs later in life { { 80 Dozier M Higley E Albus, K Nutter A. ( 2002 ) ; } } Housing instability was related to emotional and behavioural jobs, physical and sexual victimization, condemnable strong belief, and high school dropout. From this information Fowler concluded striplings transitioning from surrogate attention are at well higher hazard of homelessness { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } A.1 Maltreatment taking to out of place arrangement Sixty four per centum of instances involved in the kid public assistance system are due to parental disregard. Failure to go to to the kid s physical, emotional, or educational demands may do terrible, long term psychological challenges. Domestic force in the kid s presence ; familial substance usage that interferes with rearing abilities, Physical maltreatment ( 16 % ) , sexual maltreatment ( 9 % ) , and psychological ill-treatment ( 7 % ) are other grounds kids are reported to child public assistance. ( { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 ; } } B. Needs of Those in Therapeutic Foster Care Features of Those in Foster Care Social and Academic Health Children involved in the Foster attention system are at a higher hazard of low academic public presentation and school failure. Children confronting challenges, normally present with psychosocial jobs at a well increased rate than the general population. These scope from impulse control, to Attention shortage hyperactivity upset, to carry on upsets which maturate during immature grownup goon and beyond. Children who fail to develop successful equal dealingss during school entry are at increased hazard for behavior jobs, peer rejection, and academic failure throughout childhood and adolescence { { 91 Anonymous 2001 ; 24 Egelund, Tine 2009 ; } } emotional and behavioural jobs, exposure to physical and sexual maltreatment, adolescent gestation, captivity and high school dropout. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } A preponderance of kids in the public assistance system have been identified as sing cognitive holds as evidenced by the Denver Developmental Screening Test II { { 91 Anonymous 2001 ; } } . This is the most widely used psychometric trial utilized for this immature population. Early behaviour jobs among kids placed in Foster attention have predicted delinquency, substance usage, and sexual behaviour 6 old ages subsequently { { 62 Linares, L.O. 2006 } } Medical and Physical wellness The gravitation and extent of the wellness attention jobs confronting abused and ignored kids are genuinely alarming.A Specified implicit in neurobiological systems are influenced by types of hardship witnessed by kids in the system addition hazard for negative results. These include common childhood diagnosing are at uncommon degrees such as ADHD, riotous behaviour, anxiousness, and affectional upsets. { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 } } Surveies observed increased displacements in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA Axis, a endocrine affected by hydrocortisone instabilities. This endocrine controls reactions to emphasis and has been discovered among kids sing emphasis in Foster attention. Increased untypical diurnal hydrocortisone degrees { { 74 Pears, K.C. 2008 ; } } are known to be higher particularly among immature female kids who have experienced biological health professional neglect { { 70 Fisher, P.A. 2007 ; } } . Similar to the HPA axis surveies, jobs with executive operation are more common in surrogate kids than in the general population { { 74 Pears, K.C. 2008 ; } } . However curative intercessions designed for surrogate kids may positively impact the HPA axis activity as it has been noted diminishing emphasis decreases the degrees of hydrocortisone { { 70 Fisher, P.A. 2007 ; } } . ( More research needs done ) Fisher Suggests intercessions which decrease emphasis degrees of younger juveniles in out of place arrangements may bring forth increased outcomes on the societal cognitive degree and increase the operation of an neurobiological systems. { { 95 Fisher, P.A. 2008 ; } } { { 72 Leve, L.D. 2009 } } d. REHABILITATION NEEDS OF CHILDREN IN FOSTER CARE: EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS Evidence-based intercessions were formed and assessed to oversee the psychological and physical public assistance of kids in Foster attention. Stress bring oning behaviour on the portion of the parent can do riotous behaviour in the Foster kid which leads to early expiration from the place. Maladaptive get bying accomplishments of the kid that have nt been rectified affect the kid s relationship with their health professional and over clip start to give negative intensions to authorization figures. Implementing the intercessions has shown a lessening in the demand for immaterial mental and physical wellness attention by increasing the chance of achieving placement stableness. Interventions must aim immature people while they are still in surrogate attention, before the age of 17 old ages, to guarantee connexion to services such as tuition aid, employment preparation, and wellness insurance. { { 57 Fowler, P.J. 2009 ; } } Models MTFC The MTFC theoretical account acknowledges and identifies the affect of emotional adversities on the physical and psychological missing word of the Foster attention population. It originated in 1983 in response to an Oregon State petition for proposals from the juvenile justness system to develop community-based options to captivity for adolescent arrangements in residential/group attention. ( Leve,2009 ) This theoretical account gives an grounds based solution to beef up the self-pride of the surrogate kids and learn them resilience to better behavioural jobs. Additionally, consistent with research on resilience, the theoretical account now incorporates cardinal positive person and interpersonal relationships, adaptative neurobiological operation, and adaptative societal behaviour. ( Leve, 2009 ) How it works The MTFC intercession Teachs caregivers how to give positive mentoring, better parental accomplishments and the importance of consistence through preparation, supervising and the indorsement of a accomplishments manager. MTFC was selected by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention ( Elliott, 1998 ) as 1 of 10 evidence-based National Blueprints Programs ; was selected as 1 of 9 National Exemplary Safe, Disciplined, and Drug-Free Schools theoretical account plans ; was highlighted in 2 U.S. Surgeon General studies ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000a, 2000b ) ( Leve,2009 ) These studies recorded authorities nest eggs, showed betterment of behaviour in kid, and helped emphasize degree of health professional. State Public Policy group reported a $ 32,915 cost nest eggs in 2006 to taxpayers for each ( Leve,2009 ) In order for the intercession to be effectual, the Foster kid demands positive support, single and household therapy, along with societal accom plishments and academic mentoring. The squad The accomplishments manager is conditioned to concentrate on good accomplishments and actions instead than past behaviours or debatable state of affairss. The surrogate parents and plan supervisor work together to carefully supervise youth accommodation in the schoolroom. ( Leve,2009 ) Classroom observations and ratings allow the health professional to measure behavioural alterations without inordinate sums of external influences in a impersonal scene. These health professionals are taught to utilize the same inducements or point systems employed in the Foster place to supply positive feedback and brief, non-emotional effects for job behaviour. ( Leve,2009 ) The consistence from one environment to another eases the passage procedure for the Foster kid. Positive results, including the likeliness of accomplishing permanence ( this consequence is peculiarly marked for kids who have had multiple anterior Foster arrangement failures ) , kids s fond regard to health professionals, foster-p arent emphasis degrees, older kids s delinquency and antisocial behaviour, engagement in school and subsequent clip incarcerated. ( Fisher P.A. 2009 )

Mona Lisa essays

Mona Lisa essays Set on a canvas of Poplar Wood, Mona Lisa is said to be the most famous and mystifying painting Leonardo da Vinci ever painted. Leonardo began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, and is said to have carried it with him throughout his travels, working and reworking it for over four years. Only upon his death did he part with his painting, leaving it with a close friend. He is also credited with inventing the style of painting known as Sfumato, an Italian word when literally translated means, vanished or evaporated. Sfumato is a technique characterized by indistinct contours that lends a hazy or smoky appearance to the image, and is often used to create an illusion of distance similar to atmospheric perspective. We can readily see this depicted in the soft fusing of tone on tone, specifically, around her eyes and mouth. Up to this time, the idea of a three-dimensional reality on a two-dimensional surface had never been accomplished. In Da Vincis Mona Lisa, this idea is realized and he has captured three-dimensional space and form that is extremely advanced for his time. Many think Mona Lisa is actually Lisa di Antonio Maria di Noldo Gherardini, the wife of Nobleman Francesco di Bartolommeo di Zanobi del Giocondo, who personally requested Leonardo to paint her. Others simply believe that she is the culmination of all womanhood, as defined by Leonardos imagination. Although there are many theories about the Mona Lisa, especially her elusive smile, one theory in particular is worth notable mention. Dr. Margaret Livingstone, a Harvard Neuroscientist and authority on visual processing, first began studying the painting at the request of a colleague. Upon staring at the picture, she noticed a kind of flickering quality. Her theory is based on how the human visual system is designed...especially how the eye and brain deal with different levels of c ...

Choose a journal article from your subject area. Examine it using the Essay

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